The dissertation of Kelley, IHM, MS_________________ entitled ...

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Grief in Women Religious 6 Research also suggests that the quality of the social support rather than the quantity of social support has a positive impact on the grief process (Nolen-Hoeksema & Larson, 1999). In the case of bereaved women religious who live in community, the availability of social support may be of importance. This lifestyle provides a unique environment that includes living with women of various personalities, temperaments, ages and experiences. In addition, women religious also live closely with those who share similar goals and values. This may mean that grieving women religious will find a considerable amount of positive support from their community during a period of bereavement. Alternatively, the close proximity in which women religious live with one another may make social support more of a challenge due to a lack of privacy and the conflicts that occur from daily life. Furthermore, since active women religious have more of an opportunity to engage in social relationships than do contemplative women religious, the effects of social support may be more evident among this group. Personality and Grief The intensity, quality and resolution of grief appear to be associated with the personality of the bereaved (Aiken, 2001). Furthermore, research indicates that personality characteristics (e.g. anxiety, conscientiousness, sociability), as measured through health and personality questionnaires, affect the ability to cope positively or negatively with grief (Sanders, 1999; Vachon, Rogers, et al., 1982). Results of a study performed by Meuser, Davies, and Marwit (1995) suggest that personality style can be a risk factor for complicated grief. Additionally, Vachon and Stylianos (1988) discuss personality factors such as anxiety, self-esteem and dependency that may determine the manner in which individuals attempt to elicit social support during bereavement. These
Grief in Women Religious 7 findings indicate that personality factors may impact the bereavement process. One component of personality that has not yet been well examined in regard to grief but may have an impact is extraversion/introversion. Research by McCrae and Costa (1987) has measured extraversion and introversion as opposite ends of a single continuum. According to these studies extraverted people are more sociable, friendly, talkative, high-spirited and demonstrative. On the other hand, the researchers describe introverts as reserved, independent, even paced and individuals who value their privacy. Morris (1979) claims that although extraverts are behaviorally vivacious, they are emotionally reserved. Conversely, introverts are behaviorally reserved, but they are aware of deep and various emotions. Therefore, while introverts may not visibly express their emotions, they are more in touch with their emotions than are extraverts (Morris, 1979). Several studies that investigated various facets of life events included extraversion as one of the components. In one such study, Zautra, Finch, and Reich (1991) examined predictors of daily positive, negative, and ill-health events over time. Among the bereaved participants with unsupportive social networks, this study found a relation between extraversion and less physical problems but more undesirable events. In an additional study, Grace and O'Brien (2003) investigated the role that life events, presence of a significant other, and personality factors have on depression. Their findings show that of the 104 elderly participants, the individuals with multiple experiences of bereavement also suffered from early-onset depression and received lower extraversion scores on a personality instrument than did the control group. Hotard, McFatter, McWhirter, and Stegall (1989) examined the interaction of extraversion, neuroticism and
Page 1 and 2: The dissertation of _____________Do
Page 3 and 4: Running head: GRIEF SYMPTOMS IN WOM
Page 5 and 6: Grief in Women Religious Multiple r
Page 7 and 8: DEDICATION Grief in Women Religious
Page 9 and 10: TABLE 1. TABLE 2. TABLE 3. TABLE 4.
Page 11 and 12: Grief in Women Religious Measures 1
Page 13 and 14: CHAPTER 1 Introduction Grief in Wom
Page 15 and 16: Grief in Women Religious 3 performe
Page 17: Grief in Women Religious 5 Material
Page 21 and 22: Grief in Women Religious 9 spiritua
Page 23 and 24: Grief in Women Religious 11 Spiritu
Page 25 and 26: Grief in Women Religious 13 contemp
Page 27 and 28: Grief in Women Religious 15 may be
Page 29 and 30: Grief in Women Religious 17 attempt
Page 31 and 32: Table 1 Summary of Demographic Info
Page 33 and 34: Grief in Women Religious 21 of this
Page 35 and 36: Grief in Women Religious 23 For the
Page 37 and 38: Grief in Women Religious 25 for EWB
Page 39 and 40: Grief in Women Religious 27 The sup
Page 41 and 42: Grief in Women Religious 29 explain
Page 43 and 44: CHAPTER III Results Grief in Women
Page 45 and 46: Table 3 cont SWB1 Overall Active Co
Page 47 and 48: Table 5 Grief in Women Religious 35
Page 53 and 54: CHAPTER IV Discussion Grief in Wome
Page 55 and 56: Grief in Women Religious 43 women r
Page 57 and 58: Grief in Women Religious 45 Althoug
Page 59 and 60: Grief in Women Religious 47 emptive
Page 61 and 62: Grief in Women Religious 49 religio
Page 63 and 64: Grief in Women Religious 51 Costa,
Page 65 and 66: Grief in Women Religious 53 Herth,
Page 67 and 68: Grief in Women Religious 55 McCrae,
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Grief in Women Religious 57 Sanders
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APPENDIX A Human Subject Review Let
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APPENDIX B Texas Revised Inventory
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PART I: PAST BEHAVIOR Grief in Wome
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Grief in Women Religious 65 11. Thi
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INSTRUCTIONS: SSQ Grief in Women Re
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Grief in Women Religious 69 8. Whom
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Grief in Women Religious 71 18. Who
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APPENDIX D NEO-E Grief in Women Rel
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11. I wouldn't enjoy vacationing in
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43. I take a personal interest in t
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SWB Scale Grief in Women Religious
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Grief in Women Religious 81 SWB Sca
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Dear Sister, Cover Letter Grief in
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Background Information Grief in Wom
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Information and Consent Form Grief
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Contact Information for Three Month
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September 2004 Dear Sister, Grief i
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March 2005 Dear Sister, Grief in Wo
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