Prevention of Right-Wing Extremism, Xenophobia and Racism in ...

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ner portraying all possible stereotypes currently associated with the Roma. Just a few lines of lyrics from the program: “It’s better not to count us, ‘cause you will no doubt fail, ‘cause we’re reproducreproduc- tive like worms in your mail”; or “Black doll, what’s up? You’ve been knocked up; this is no coincidence, virginity is an offence”. The internet abounds in the most humiliating Roma jokes. There is practically no internet huhu- mour site which does not supply a full range of disgraceful Roma jokes generally unacceptable in 21st century Europe: Anti-Semitism Two gypsy kids are talking: • Hey, your feet are much grimier than mine! • Yes, but I’m two years older! Anti-Semitism in Hungary has taken on a much more sophisticated form than anti-Roma senti- senti- ments. This, on the one hand, means that (open) rejection of Jews is nowhere near as intense as the rejection of the Roma. Latency, however, is presumed to be very high. Everyday stereotypes and real knowledge sixty years after the holocaust have made the Jews acceptable and even likeable for the majority. However, while information about the war and the genocide increases people’s sympathy, the question of social responsibility arises only in a minority. Stereotypes associated with the Jews (talented, industrious, educated) awaken good feelings and responsiveness in the majority who have a strong desire to identify themselves with west- ern civilisation. Yet, that numerous media personalities and scientists consciously admit and accept their Jewish background makes many believe that Jews are overrepresented in Hungar- ian public life. Research can only only bring bring latent anti-Semite attitudes to the surface in indirect ways. Be- Because most people today “know” that it is not nice to express anti-Semitic views, they con- trol themselves in public and tend to hide their true attitudes when responding to research questionnaires. There are, however, signs of latent anti-Semitism when we look at the wider context or examine interviews containing veiled references rather than direct anti-Semitic expressions. Under the aegis of the Ministry of Education and with the guidance of Mária Vásárhelyi, the Communication Theory Research Team at HAS-ELTE conducted a research project in 2003 on the professional knowledge of full-time history students in state- and church-run church-run universities (N = 500). The project also investigated students’ ideologies, values, predispositions, and opinions on certain major historic events. The rather controversial study established that 21 % of respondents are openly of the opinion that Jews weaken and subvert the nation that has given them a home, and 22 % claim it would be better for all if Jews lived in their own state, 100 Right-Wing Extremism in Hungary
Israel. 49 % of respondents are of the belief that in Hungary the interests of Jews often do not correspond with the interests of others. (The full documentation of the research is not avail- able anywhere.) Recently the Kurt Lewin Foundation conducted a questionnaire in the Hungarian town of Pécs – population 176.000. The study was based on polling every single 17-year-old student in the town’s secondary schools (N = 1,754). The aim was to map out the civic knowledge and democratic skills of secondary-school students and to shed light on student attitudes towards different social groups. The following conclusion was drawn from the study regarding the student’s attitudes towards Jews: the lion’s share of respondents would consider consider a person Jewish either on the basis of self-defi nition or or religion. In essence it was concluded that students primarily defi ned Jews as a religious minority. The number of those who would identify someone as a Jew on the basis of a lingual defi nition was minimal. The possible alternatives for identifying someone as a Jew are numerous – for example: Israeli citizenship, attachment to Jewish culture, traditions or external appearance. Table 2: Who would you consider a Jew? Anyone regarded Jewish by the community 2.05 % Anyone who claims to be Jewish by self-defi nition 29.10 % Anyone who is Jewish by religion 29.08 % Anyone who speaks Hebrew 0.46 % Anyone living a Jewish lifestyle 12.71 % I couldn’t tell 14.94 % Anyone born Jewish 2.68 % No answer 8.89 % Total 100 % Homophobia While there certainly is condemnation of homosexuality today, the vast majority of homophohomopho- bes consider this particular sexual orientation as some sort of illness or handicap. In recent years homophobe comments in the media have increased considerably and a great many poli- ticians and renowned actors have taken up a position in the issue. At the February 19th delegate meeting of the Hungarian Christian Democratic Alliance, Zsolt Semjén stated that: “anyone who would like their teenager son to have his fi rst sexual experience with a bearded man should bravely vote for the Free Democrats. I encourage everyone to follow suit as long as they would Right-Wing Extremism in Hungary 101
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Prevention of Right-Wing Extremism,
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Contents Michaela Glaser Introducti
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these developments (Minkenberg, 200
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institutional framework of this pol
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lum. In addition, schools are requi
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YNGVE CARLSSON Violent Right-Wing E
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Boot Boys. They emphasize physical
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The economic explanation Norway is
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danger is of course that the proble
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“tool-bags”. In other cases the
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and Norwegian communities are trans
Page 24 and 25:
The effects of such demonstrations
Page 26 and 27:
Building personal relations as a st
Page 28 and 29:
there is of course a possibility th
Page 30 and 31:
MIRYAM ESER DAVOLIO; BRIGITTA GERBE
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& Wallerstein, 1988). Right-wing ex
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If younger people exhibit right-win
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had very different effects on attit
Page 38 and 39:
For each specifi c fi eld, the the
Page 40 and 41:
the problems of right-wing extremis
Page 42 and 43:
The networking among community acto
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could be most successful, because i
Page 46 and 47:
Eser Davolio, Miryam & Drilling, Ma
Page 48 and 49:
GÉ GRUBBEN Right-Extremist Sympath
Page 50 and 51: in the way in which they accentuate
Page 52 and 53: digit membership. The mobility of t
Page 54 and 55: Strategies for combating prejudice,
Page 56 and 57: The government Right-wing extremism
Page 58 and 59: Anti discrimination organizations T
Page 60 and 61: shortfall of thorough research and
Page 62 and 63: From intercultural education to act
Page 64 and 65: Appendix - Educational and children
Page 66 and 67: Experience shows that many particip
Page 68 and 69: Reliable information on members of
Page 70 and 71: to sympathy with the National Socia
Page 72 and 73: extremist activities cannot be reac
Page 74 and 75: do so, social work not only has to
Page 76 and 77: not neglect content-related dimensi
Page 78 and 79: Pingel, Andrea & Rieker, Peter (200
Page 80 and 81: Black people 23 are a lot more like
Page 82 and 83: stances that encouraged members of
Page 84 and 85: upon the forces of law and order th
Page 86 and 87: landscape in contrast to the previo
Page 88 and 89: Dealing with racism in schools Havi
Page 90 and 91: New Labour, racism and education In
Page 92 and 93: REWIND: This organisation carries o
Page 94 and 95: Gillborn, David & Mirza, Heidi (200
Page 96 and 97: GYÖRGY LIGETI & TAMÁS NYESTE Righ
Page 98 and 99: A multitude of amateur bands have s
Page 102 and 103: like their children to get their fi
Page 104 and 105: a so-called Árpád striped fl ag,
Page 106 and 107: The Holocaust Memorial Center (www.
Page 108 and 109: Youth work Mobilitas Youth Service
Page 110 and 111: their programmes and projects. Rece
Page 112 and 113: exclusion, but that they would then
Page 114 and 115: fi remen are often greeted by stone
Page 116 and 117: not want to meet. For example, I’
Page 118 and 119: disserts about Islam, saying that i
Page 120 and 121: liceman, which caused quite uproar,
Page 122 and 123: seat, calmed, quiet. This from a ra
Page 124 and 125: situation, which is also institutio
Page 126: Gé Grubben: higher professional ed
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