Cognitive Semantics : Meaning and Cognition

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SITUATED EMBODIED SEMANTICS AND CONNECTIONIST MODELING 181 language processing” for the past few decades, namely “disambiguation”: Once the existence of separate senses is granted, comprehension implies finding the “right one”, which can be quite a formidable task (cf. Small et al. 1988). "disambiguation" ? OVERÿ 1 "over" OVER 2 learning ? Regier's system OVER 3 sub-type 1 sub-type 2 sub-type 3 Figure 3. An illustration of “the subscript problem” as posed to Regier’s system if the output nodes are conceived of as separate “senses”: what provides the correct association between univocal sub-categories (“sub-types”) and “senses” during learning?
182 JORDAN ZLATEV Notice that, according to this interpretation, Regier’s model is not a situated embodied one. The nodes representing “senses” constitute symbols, i.e. explicit formal entities, while, as discussed in Section 2, there are no explicit semantic representations according to the premises of situated embodied semantics. What is it then? I would call it a grounded symbolic model, to separate it from situated embodied models, but also from the various “pure” symbolic models where there is no sensorimotor grounding whatsoever. It is also interesting to observe that the “hybrid” models advocated by Harnad (1993), and mentioned in Section 1, seem to presuppose exactly such a model of “symbol grounding”. 3 In this case they are faced with “the subscript problem”. If, instead, they are to ground the individual words of a language, as in interpretive scheme (a), then they must face the problem of equivocal categories. Thus they are confronted with a true dilemma. Situated embodied semantics suggests a straightforward way out of this dilemma. In describing the training set of over-examples in Figure 2, I could not help but use a verb in order to distinguish between the different kinds of situations. Given that the trajector and landmark objects are pre-given in Regier’s model, it appears that the obvious thing to do is to associate the situations not with single labels but with verb-preposition pairs (in a language like English). In this case the interpretation of the output nodes is the following. (c) each situation associates with two output nodes; each output node corresponds to one word. I have experimented with a number of small extensions to Regier’s system that follow this scheme. One of the most successful is presented in Figure 4. The pre-output hidden layer of Regier’s system (cf. Figure 1) feeds into a number of layer-segments, one for each word. Each layer segment for its part feeds forward to a single output node. High activation (> 0.8) of an output node is interpreted as the utterance of the corresponding word. Thus, in Figure 4 the particular situation is associated with the description “be over”, i.e. TR is over LM. According to this interpretation, the model performed very well on equivocal categories such as over and under. Furthermore, the “co-grounding” of the words in an utterance seems to (dis)solve many of the problems of “choosing the right sense” in the appropriate context. The context-dependence of word-meaning (i.e. polysemy) becomes a natural consequence of the fact that words are learned in different contexts. Once these contexts are activated,
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COGNITIVE SEMANTICS
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COGNITIVE SEMANTICS MEANING AND COG
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“I KNOW, WE WON’T REVOLUTIONIZE
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viii PREFACE In this book, which re
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x PREFACE different mechanisms of s
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2 JENS ALLWOOD (1974). A meaning po
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4 JENS ALLWOOD types (iii), (vi) an
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6 JENS ALLWOOD operations which can
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8 JENS ALLWOOD the sentence John lo
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10 JENS ALLWOOD leva i (live in) X
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12 JENS ALLWOOD II. Semantic-episte
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14 JENS ALLWOOD State abstract obje
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16 JENS ALLWOOD by forming krig-are
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SOME TENETS OF COGNITIVE SEMANTICS
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1. Introduction FUNCTION, COGNITION
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FUNCTION, COGNITION, AND LAYERED CL
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FROM VISION TO COGNITION 67 From Vi
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knowledge, and non-understanding, e
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Table 2. Visual perception FROM VIS
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6. Results of the lexical survey FR
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FROM VISION TO COGNITION 75 genomse
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kunskaper ‘knowledge’ vetande
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FROM VISION TO COGNITION 79 trångs
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7. Being opaque → being abstruse,
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FROM VISION TO COGNITION 83 3. Caus
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FROM VISION TO COGNITION 85 Table 3
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88 ÅKE VIBERG dynamic (aspectual,
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90 ÅKE VIBERG The organization of
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92 ÅKE VIBERG The hierarchical str
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94 ÅKE VIBERG Intentional level. I
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96 ÅKE VIBERG but there is also a
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98 ÅKE VIBERG corresponds to an En
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100 ÅKE VIBERG III. Focusing of va
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102 ÅKE VIBERG Another extended se
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104 ÅKE VIBERG Och sen en stark r
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106 ÅKE VIBERG Man slås ju av att
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108 ÅKE VIBERG The second use of s
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110 ÅKE VIBERG “Kaffe”, säger
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112 ÅKE VIBERG The disconnection (
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114 ÅKE VIBERG ‘at poker’ Per
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116 ÅKE VIBERG Han slog ihop matse
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118 ÅKE VIBERG Table 10. The lexic
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120 ÅKE VIBERG Våld våld våld.
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122 ÅKE VIBERG Table 12. Major cla
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124 ÅKE VIBERG Table 13. The lexic
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126 ÅKE VIBERG Han rev loss en sid
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128 ÅKE VIBERG References Aijmer,
Page 142 and 143: SPACE AND TIME 131 Space and Time E
Page 144 and 145: SPACE AND TIME 133 visual perceptio
Page 146 and 147: SPACE AND TIME 135 This strategy is
Page 148 and 149: SPACE AND TIME 137 mal] with the va
Page 150 and 151: SPACE AND TIME 139 The articulatory
Page 152 and 153: SPACE AND TIME 141 in relation to a
Page 154 and 155: SPACE AND TIME 143 moment represent
Page 156 and 157: SPACE AND TIME 145 tion through the
Page 158 and 159: SPACE AND TIME 147 temporal sense (
Page 160 and 161: Notes SPACE AND TIME 149 1. In talk
Page 162 and 163: SPACE AND TIME 151 Johnson, M. 1987
Page 164 and 165: 1. Introduction CONCEPTUAL ENGINEER
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Page 168 and 169: CONCEPTUAL ENGINEERING 157 The exam
Page 170 and 171: CONCEPTUAL ENGINEERING 159 The firs
Page 172 and 173: CONCEPTUAL ENGINEERING 161 But when
Page 174 and 175: CONCEPTUAL ENGINEERING 163 Figure 8
Page 176 and 177: CONCEPTUAL ENGINEERING 165 Let us f
Page 178 and 179: CONCEPTUAL ENGINEERING 167 can be f
Page 180 and 181: Suggesting Figure 13. Params Evalua
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Page 185 and 186: 174 JORDAN ZLATEV which need to be
Page 187 and 188: 176 JORDAN ZLATEV learner’s behav
Page 189 and 190: 178 JORDAN ZLATEV Figure 1. Regier
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Page 205 and 206: 194 JORDAN ZLATEV Small, S., Cottre
Page 207 and 208: 196 INDEX OF NAMES Husserl, E. 4 J
Page 210 and 211: A abstract 132 Abstract agent 11 ab
Page 212 and 213: possible worlds 19, 21, 26, 31 post
Page 214 and 215: 22. AUER, Peter and Aldo Di LUZIO (
Page 216: 69. NOH, Eun-Ju: The Semantics and
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Cognitive Semantics : Meaning and Cognition

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