Cognitive Semantics : Meaning and Cognition

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SOME TENETS OF COGNITIVE SEMANTICS 33 “language of thought”, which is sometimes also called “Mentalese.” However, the mental entities constituting Mentalese form a language with syntactic structures governed by some recursive set of rules. And when it comes to the semantics of Mentalese, Fodor is still a realist and relies on references in the external world as well as truth conditions. 4. For a discussion of the implications of this translatability for semantics, see Jackendoff (1987) and (1990). 5. See e.g. Broström (1994), Brugman (1981), Gärdenfors (to appear a), (to appear b), Indurkya (1986), Lakoff (1987), (to appear), Lakoff and Johnson (1980), Sweetser (1990), and Thorangeau and Sternberg (1982). 6. See e.g. Rosch (1975), (1978), Mervis and Rosch (1981), Smith and Medin (1981), and Lakoff (1987) for extended discussions of the theory. 7. A more precise and powerful idea is the following criterion (see Gärdenfors 1990, 1991) where the topological characteristics of the quality dimensions are utilized to introduce a spatial structure into properties: A natural property is a convex region of a conceptual space. A convex region is characterized by the criterion that for every pair of points v1 and v2 in the region and all points in between v1 and v2 are also in the region. The motivation for the criterion is that if some objects which are located at v1 and v2 in relation to some quality dimension (or several dimensions) and both are examples of the property P, then any object that is located between v1 and v2 on the quality dimension(s) will also be an example of P. 8. For a criticism of the notion of a property within intensional semantics, and for an alternative account based on conceptual spaces, see Gärdenfors (1991). 9. Relations can be treated in a similar way (see Holmqvist 1993). 10. This partitioning is supported by a couple of theorems in Gärdenfors (1993a). 11. See Lakoff (1987: 122-125). 12. The only remark in this direction isthe following: “It would be of interest, in particular, to discover if extremely primitive peoples were sometimes exceptions to this hypothesis (which would indicate that the division of linguistic labor is a product of social evolution), or if even they exhibit it” (1975: 229). 13. Attitudes to actions concern the agents’ preferences, and should not be confounded with so-called propositional attitudes, e.g., believing or hoping. References Broström, S. 1994 The Role of Metaphor in Cognitive Semantics, Lund: Lund University Cognitive Studies 31.
34 PETER GÄRDENFORS Brugman, C. 1981 Story of Over. Bloomington: Indiana Linguistics Club. Burge, T. 1979 “Individualism and the mental”. Midwest Studies in Philosophy, vol. 4: Studies in Metaphysics, 73-121. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Declés, J.-P. 1985 Représentation des connaissances (Actes Semiotiques - Documents, VII, 69-70) Paris: Institut National de la Langue Française. Fauconnier, G. 1985 Mental Spaces. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Fodor, J. A. 1981 Representations. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Gärdenfors, P. 1988 “Semantics, conceptual spaces and the dimensions of music”. Essays on the Philosophy of Music (Acta Philosophica Fennica, vol. 43), ed. by V. Rantala, L. Rowell, & E. Tarasti, 9-27. Helsinki. Gärdenfors, P. 1990 “Induction, conceptual spaces and AI”. Philosophy of Science 57. 78-95. Gärdenfors, P. 1991 “Frameworks for properties: Possible worlds vs. conceptual spaces”. Language, Knowledge and Intentionality (Acta Philosophica Fennica, vol. 49) ed. by L. Haaparanta, M. Kusch, & I. Niiniluoto, 383-407. Helsinki. Gärdenfors, P. 1993a “The emergence of meaning”. Linguistics and Philosophy 16, 285-309. Gärdenfors, P. 1993b “Induction and the evolution of conceptual spaces”. Charles S. Peirce and the Philosophy of Science ed. by E. C. Moore, 72-88. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press. Gärdenfors, P. 1996a “Mental representation, conceptual spaces and metaphors”. Synthese 106, 21-47. Gärdenfors, P. 1996b “Conceptual spaces as a basis for cognitive semantics”. Philosophy and Cognitive Science, ed. by A. Clark et al., 159-180. Dordrecht: Kluwer. Gärdenfors, P. 1997 “Meaning as conceptual structures”. Mindscapes: Philosophy, Science, and the Mind, ed. by M. Carrier and P. Machamer, 61-86. Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press. Herskovits, A. 1986 Language and Spatial Cognition: A Interdisciplinary Study of the Prepositions in English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Holmqvist, K. 1993 “Implementing cognitive semantics”. Lund: Lund University Cognitive Studies 17.
Page 2 and 3: COGNITIVE SEMANTICS
Page 4 and 5: COGNITIVE SEMANTICS MEANING AND COG
Page 6: “I KNOW, WE WON’T REVOLUTIONIZE
Page 9 and 10: viii PREFACE In this book, which re
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Page 13 and 14: 2 JENS ALLWOOD (1974). A meaning po
Page 15 and 16: 4 JENS ALLWOOD types (iii), (vi) an
Page 17 and 18: 6 JENS ALLWOOD operations which can
Page 19 and 20: 8 JENS ALLWOOD the sentence John lo
Page 21 and 22: 10 JENS ALLWOOD leva i (live in) X
Page 23 and 24: 12 JENS ALLWOOD II. Semantic-episte
Page 25 and 26: 14 JENS ALLWOOD State abstract obje
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Page 30 and 31: SOME TENETS OF COGNITIVE SEMANTICS
Page 48 and 49: 1. Introduction FUNCTION, COGNITION
Page 50 and 51: FUNCTION, COGNITION, AND LAYERED CL
Page 78 and 79: FROM VISION TO COGNITION 67 From Vi
Page 80 and 81: knowledge, and non-understanding, e
Page 82 and 83: Table 2. Visual perception FROM VIS
Page 84 and 85: 6. Results of the lexical survey FR
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Page 88 and 89: kunskaper ‘knowledge’ vetande
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FROM VISION TO COGNITION 83 3. Caus
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FROM VISION TO COGNITION 85 Table 3
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88 ÅKE VIBERG dynamic (aspectual,
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90 ÅKE VIBERG The organization of
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92 ÅKE VIBERG The hierarchical str
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94 ÅKE VIBERG Intentional level. I
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96 ÅKE VIBERG but there is also a
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98 ÅKE VIBERG corresponds to an En
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100 ÅKE VIBERG III. Focusing of va
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102 ÅKE VIBERG Another extended se
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104 ÅKE VIBERG Och sen en stark r
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106 ÅKE VIBERG Man slås ju av att
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108 ÅKE VIBERG The second use of s
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110 ÅKE VIBERG “Kaffe”, säger
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112 ÅKE VIBERG The disconnection (
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114 ÅKE VIBERG ‘at poker’ Per
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116 ÅKE VIBERG Han slog ihop matse
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118 ÅKE VIBERG Table 10. The lexic
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120 ÅKE VIBERG Våld våld våld.
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122 ÅKE VIBERG Table 12. Major cla
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124 ÅKE VIBERG Table 13. The lexic
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126 ÅKE VIBERG Han rev loss en sid
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128 ÅKE VIBERG References Aijmer,
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SPACE AND TIME 131 Space and Time E
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SPACE AND TIME 133 visual perceptio
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SPACE AND TIME 135 This strategy is
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SPACE AND TIME 137 mal] with the va
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SPACE AND TIME 139 The articulatory
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SPACE AND TIME 141 in relation to a
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SPACE AND TIME 143 moment represent
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SPACE AND TIME 145 tion through the
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SPACE AND TIME 147 temporal sense (
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Notes SPACE AND TIME 149 1. In talk
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SPACE AND TIME 151 Johnson, M. 1987
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1. Introduction CONCEPTUAL ENGINEER
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CONCEPTUAL ENGINEERING 155 II. a li
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CONCEPTUAL ENGINEERING 157 The exam
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CONCEPTUAL ENGINEERING 159 The firs
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CONCEPTUAL ENGINEERING 161 But when
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CONCEPTUAL ENGINEERING 163 Figure 8
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CONCEPTUAL ENGINEERING 165 Let us f
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CONCEPTUAL ENGINEERING 167 can be f
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Suggesting Figure 13. Params Evalua
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References CONCEPTUAL ENGINEERING 1
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174 JORDAN ZLATEV which need to be
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176 JORDAN ZLATEV learner’s behav
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178 JORDAN ZLATEV Figure 1. Regier
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180 JORDAN ZLATEV Figure 2. A train
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182 JORDAN ZLATEV Notice that, acco
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184 JORDAN ZLATEV However, the vers
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186 JORDAN ZLATEV often referred to
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188 JORDAN ZLATEV respond by giving
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190 JORDAN ZLATEV The experiments w
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192 JORDAN ZLATEV 2. Thus the pictu
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194 JORDAN ZLATEV Small, S., Cottre
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196 INDEX OF NAMES Husserl, E. 4 J
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A abstract 132 Abstract agent 11 ab
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possible worlds 19, 21, 26, 31 post
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22. AUER, Peter and Aldo Di LUZIO (
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69. NOH, Eun-Ju: The Semantics and
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