Cognitive Semantics : Meaning and Cognition

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6. Results of the lexical survey FROM VISION TO COGNITION 73 This section presents the results of my investigation of Swedish lexical expressions for visual perception. It is clear that some of the categories may overlap. The verb se, for example, can be used to express both a relation and a property. The examples are presented in the four categories suggested in the semantic field analysis above, namely, ‘visual perception’, ‘properties of the perceiver’, ‘properties of the perceived’ and ‘cause of perception’. It would be possible to subclassify these four categories into finer categories. The reader will see that the real analytical work has consisted in classifying the examples in groups and providing a suitable name, representing an abstraction, for the different groups. I believe there is only one group of examples which demands a special comment, namely the expressions in section III:9. Why do noun expressions like sken ‘glare’ express “fallacy” when the corresponding verb — skina ‘shine’ — does not? The difference between äktenskap ‘marriage’ and sken-äktenskap ‘pro forma marriage’ is that the latter (Swedish) example explicitly invokes the perceptive aspect, while the former example does not. I now suggest that the perception expression — ‘glare’ — helps to introduce a reservation: “it looks like a marriage to me”. In the former example, there is no such reservation, and the expression is therefore more likely to invite an interpretation where truth is not questioned. I. Visual perception → cognition Even though I have suggested that verbs are the typical means of expressing the perceptual relation, we must allow for the fact that a number of nouns are understood as reifications of this relation. Thus, we find in I.4 below the expression revision. 1. Seeing → understanding SWEDISH ENGLISH se ‘see’ synonyms: inse ‘realize’ förstå ‘understand’ begripa ‘comprehend’ fatta ‘grasp’
74 SÖREN SJÖSTRÖM besinna ‘consider, bear in mind’ betänka ‘consider, hesitate’ anse ‘think, consider’ betrakta ‘look at, contemplate, regard’ iakttaga ‘observe, notice’ observera ‘observe, note’ skåda ‘behold, see’ åse ‘watch, witness’ The Swedish verb se is not used in exactly the same way as English see. Swedish has inse “in-see” to denote cognitive processes, and this verb is not used to denote perception. Etymologically inse is directly related to se (cf Hellqvist 1980). We may also include a number of idiomatic phrases used metaphorically like, for example, se för sitt inre öga ‘see with one’s inner eye’, gå upp ett ljus för ‘dawn upon’, få en snilleblixt ‘get a flash of genius’, få upp ögonen för ‘have one’s eyes opened to’. 2. Not seeing → not understanding The negation of a sentence which contains the verb se expresses ‘nonunderstanding’: jag kan inte se hur detta hänger ihop med vad du säger ‘I cannot see how this fits in with what you are saying’ 3. Avoiding seeing → avoiding information (and thus responsibility) SWEDISH ENGLISH blunda för ‘shut one’s eyes to’ inte vilja se ‘not wanting to see’ göra sig blind (och döv) för ‘making oneself blind (and deaf) to’ se genom fingrarna med ‘wink/connive at, be lenient with’ (eller mellan) 4. Seeing actively (=looking) → seeking information SWEDISH ENGLISH se efter ‘see if...’ titta på ‘look at’ syna ‘inspect, survey, examine, scrutinize’ titta ‘look’ besiktiga ‘inspect, examine’ bese ‘see, look at’ avsyna ‘inspect’ överse ‘overlook’ utföra brandsyn ‘inspection of fire prevention arrangements’
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COGNITIVE SEMANTICS
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COGNITIVE SEMANTICS MEANING AND COG
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“I KNOW, WE WON’T REVOLUTIONIZE
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viii PREFACE In this book, which re
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x PREFACE different mechanisms of s
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2 JENS ALLWOOD (1974). A meaning po
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4 JENS ALLWOOD types (iii), (vi) an
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6 JENS ALLWOOD operations which can
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8 JENS ALLWOOD the sentence John lo
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10 JENS ALLWOOD leva i (live in) X
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12 JENS ALLWOOD II. Semantic-episte
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14 JENS ALLWOOD State abstract obje
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16 JENS ALLWOOD by forming krig-are
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SOME TENETS OF COGNITIVE SEMANTICS
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SOME TENETS OF COGNITIVE SEMANTICS
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Page 48 and 49: 1. Introduction FUNCTION, COGNITION
Page 50 and 51: FUNCTION, COGNITION, AND LAYERED CL
Page 78 and 79: FROM VISION TO COGNITION 67 From Vi
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Page 82 and 83: Table 2. Visual perception FROM VIS
Page 86 and 87: FROM VISION TO COGNITION 75 genomse
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Page 90 and 91: FROM VISION TO COGNITION 79 trångs
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Page 94 and 95: FROM VISION TO COGNITION 83 3. Caus
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Page 99 and 100: 88 ÅKE VIBERG dynamic (aspectual,
Page 101 and 102: 90 ÅKE VIBERG The organization of
Page 103 and 104: 92 ÅKE VIBERG The hierarchical str
Page 105 and 106: 94 ÅKE VIBERG Intentional level. I
Page 107 and 108: 96 ÅKE VIBERG but there is also a
Page 109 and 110: 98 ÅKE VIBERG corresponds to an En
Page 111 and 112: 100 ÅKE VIBERG III. Focusing of va
Page 113 and 114: 102 ÅKE VIBERG Another extended se
Page 115 and 116: 104 ÅKE VIBERG Och sen en stark r
Page 117 and 118: 106 ÅKE VIBERG Man slås ju av att
Page 119 and 120: 108 ÅKE VIBERG The second use of s
Page 121 and 122: 110 ÅKE VIBERG “Kaffe”, säger
Page 123 and 124: 112 ÅKE VIBERG The disconnection (
Page 125 and 126: 114 ÅKE VIBERG ‘at poker’ Per
Page 127 and 128: 116 ÅKE VIBERG Han slog ihop matse
Page 129 and 130: 118 ÅKE VIBERG Table 10. The lexic
Page 131 and 132: 120 ÅKE VIBERG Våld våld våld.
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124 ÅKE VIBERG Table 13. The lexic
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126 ÅKE VIBERG Han rev loss en sid
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128 ÅKE VIBERG References Aijmer,
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SPACE AND TIME 131 Space and Time E
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SPACE AND TIME 133 visual perceptio
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SPACE AND TIME 135 This strategy is
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SPACE AND TIME 137 mal] with the va
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SPACE AND TIME 139 The articulatory
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SPACE AND TIME 141 in relation to a
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SPACE AND TIME 143 moment represent
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SPACE AND TIME 145 tion through the
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SPACE AND TIME 147 temporal sense (
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Notes SPACE AND TIME 149 1. In talk
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SPACE AND TIME 151 Johnson, M. 1987
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1. Introduction CONCEPTUAL ENGINEER
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CONCEPTUAL ENGINEERING 155 II. a li
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CONCEPTUAL ENGINEERING 157 The exam
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CONCEPTUAL ENGINEERING 159 The firs
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CONCEPTUAL ENGINEERING 161 But when
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CONCEPTUAL ENGINEERING 163 Figure 8
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CONCEPTUAL ENGINEERING 165 Let us f
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CONCEPTUAL ENGINEERING 167 can be f
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Suggesting Figure 13. Params Evalua
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References CONCEPTUAL ENGINEERING 1
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174 JORDAN ZLATEV which need to be
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176 JORDAN ZLATEV learner’s behav
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178 JORDAN ZLATEV Figure 1. Regier
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180 JORDAN ZLATEV Figure 2. A train
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182 JORDAN ZLATEV Notice that, acco
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184 JORDAN ZLATEV However, the vers
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186 JORDAN ZLATEV often referred to
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188 JORDAN ZLATEV respond by giving
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190 JORDAN ZLATEV The experiments w
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192 JORDAN ZLATEV 2. Thus the pictu
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194 JORDAN ZLATEV Small, S., Cottre
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196 INDEX OF NAMES Husserl, E. 4 J
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A abstract 132 Abstract agent 11 ab
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possible worlds 19, 21, 26, 31 post
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22. AUER, Peter and Aldo Di LUZIO (
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69. NOH, Eun-Ju: The Semantics and
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