The Ethnicity of the Sea Peoples - RePub - Erasmus Universiteit ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

lesh are geographically based, being derived from the names of the islands Sardinia and Sicily, respectively, whereas for example Weshesh “Ausones” or “Osci” and Tanayu or Denye(n) are ultimately rooted in the hydronymy of Europe and the North Pontic steppe (PIE *av- or *au- “source, stream” and *dnu- “river”) and hence may safely be assumed to have been introduced by the people in question themselves from that region into their new homeland. 607 HYPOTHESIS 2A. The mobilization process that led to the emergence and exploits of the Sea Peoples was a process of only partial ethnogenesis; it was not in origin an ethnically-driven process, in the sense that no role was played, in this mobilization process, by any prior ethnic identification between the various constituent peripheral groups that ultimately coalesced, albeit never completely, into the Sea Peoples. Given the fact that, as we have noted above, various groups of the Sea Peoples settled separately in various locations of the Levant, and that they have distinct names and features in the Egyptian sources, this negative hypothesis appears to come nearer to the truth than the positive hypothesis 2B below. As a consequence, we may conclude that to a certain extent a process of ethnogenesis took place (= the emergence of the Sea Peoples as a distinct phenomenon), but was not followed by ethnicization (i.e. that prospective Sea Peoples, each in their own corner of the Mediterranean, took ideological consciousness of the fact that they had so much in common with the other eight groups that they could adopt a common destiny). HYPOTHESIS 2B. The mobilization process bringing the nine groups to ultimately constitute the Sea Peoples, was in part based on some pre-existing basis for mutual ethnic identification between these nine groups already prior to the beginning of the Sea Peoples’ mobilization and exploits. An argument in favor of hypothesis 2B, which we consider less likely than hypothesis 2A, might be provided by the fact that the boats of the Sea Peoples are of a common type with a bird head at bow and stern, which, as we have noted, is a typical Urnfield feature. It should be noted in this context, however, that Shelley Wachsmann suggested that the Egyptian artist who drew the boats of the Sea Peoples took one example as the norm, so that the apparent unity in type of ship may be illusory. At any rate, an Urnfield ideology would be secondary to all groups of the 607 Cf. Rosenkranz 1966: 136; Brown 1985: 131-2. 120 Sea Peoples with the exception of the Weshesh if our identification of the latter with the Ausones or Oscans applies. Another unifying element may have been formed by the fact that all members of the Sea Peoples might ultimately be of Indo-European stock. But this is by no means sure for the Sherden and the Shekelesh, and, if these might turn out to be Indo-Europeans after all, the differences between the various groups are already too pronounced to allow for the perception of a common heritage as a binding factor. Finally, there is the question of how to classify the post-conflict ethnic situation of the various constituent Sea Peoples in the various regions of the Levant where they ended up after their unsuccessful sea- and land battles against Ramesses III. When we scan the range of possible models which van Binsbergen derived from general ethnic theory for specific application to the Sea Peoples case, it is striking that no one specific model seems to fit the bill once and for all. One might be tempted to classify the post-conflict local accommodation between Sea People settlers and their host groups with the melting pot model (no. 6 in our section 1), with this proviso that the colonists, contrary to the situation in the modern Americas, merge with the indigenous population to the extent that they ultimately become extinct as a separate ethnic group (= ethnothanasia). 608 However, even if locally, in the Levant, all sense of a distinct Sea Peoples identity was ultimately lost, there are indications that yet some knowledge of distant Central Mediterranean origins lingered on, laying the foundations for the subsequent Phoenician exploration and colonization of the Central Mediterranean in the Early Iron Age. Perhaps their knowledge of the central Mediterranean waters stimulated the Phoenicians to explore these regions and beyond in the course of the Early Iron Age. In the Levant itself, however, total local accommoda- 608 Of the remaining cases of colonization assumed in the preceding sections, the Pelasgian ones from presumably c. 1600 BC onwards to western Asia Minor and Crete and the one by the Trojan followers of Aeneas to Italy in the Early Iron Age seem closest to the immigrant model (no. 2 in our section 1), with the noted adjustment that the former emigrate to higher developed societies, whereas the latter arrive in a lower developed one. As opposed to this, the coming of charioteering Hyksos elements to Greece c. 1600 BC and that of the Tyrsenians to Tuscany from c. 700 BC onwards rather adhere to the conquest model (no. 3 in our section 1), with the noted adjustment that the Hyksos elements, in contrast to the Tyrsenians, do not plant their own language(s), but adapt to that of the indigenous Thraco-Phrygian population groups.
tion of the immigrant Sea Peoples groups could only have been the ultimate outcome of a prolonged process that, typically, would traverse some of the other types in our range of models: a. immediately after local settlement, the most likely model would be that of conquest (model 3), which, as a result of progressive subsequent political and social accommodation, would soon give way to b. the immigrant model (model 2) – to end, in most cases, with c. a quasi-melting pot situation (model 6) where most specific Sea People cultural and nomenclatural traits would have been shed, in preparation of the total eclipse of any reminiscence of a Sea Peoples past, among the incorporated vestiges of a formerly Sea People population in the Levant. 121
Page 1:
The Ethnicity of the Sea Peoples 1
Page 4 and 5:
Promotiecommissie Promotor: Prof.dr
Page 7:
CONTENTS Preface ..................
Page 10 and 11:
profited from the collaboration wit
Page 12 and 13:
Frontispiece. Rowers depicted on a
Page 15 and 16:
In a work which deals with the ethn
Page 17 and 18:
similar vein, to accuse Georges Dum
Page 19:
upon a pre-existing local populatio
Page 22 and 23:
certainty about the 8th century BC
Page 24 and 25:
with the Heraklids Kresphontes and
Page 26 and 27:
after the end of the Bronze Age. 43
Page 28 and 29:
Miletos may be due to an historical
Page 30 and 31:
It lies at hand to correlate the fa
Page 32 and 33:
more, he rearranged the western pro
Page 35 and 36:
4. AN HISTORIOGRAPHIC OUTLINE In th
Page 37 and 38:
The view of Maspero that the Sea Pe
Page 39 and 40:
ples as mere pirates goes Helck’s
Page 41 and 42:
site or manoeuvring in mountainous
Page 43 and 44:
The contemporary sources with a bea
Page 45 and 46:
Enkomi cylinder seal (Inv. no. 19.1
Page 47 and 48:
Tablet 1687 from Enkomi Side A (15)
Page 49 and 50:
RS 20.238 ù dú-nu-na-ta dan-níš
Page 51 and 52:
Libyans (year 5) as well as success
Page 53 and 54:
Fig. 5. Land battle scene of Medine
Page 55 and 56:
he said to me: “To be sure, they
Page 57 and 58:
6. LUKKA AND THE LUKKA LANDS Since
Page 59 and 60:
7. ETHNOGENESIS OF THE GREEKS The d
Page 61 and 62:
the archaeological record by the Ma
Page 63 and 64:
adopting the then modern Indo-Aryan
Page 65 and 66:
Evidently, the Hyksos were a highly
Page 67:
linguistic features from an hypothe
Page 70 and 71: have been Crete, since in the text
Page 72 and 73: war 199 - a suggestion further emph
Page 74 and 75: give and take a few dialectal reshu
Page 77 and 78: In Homeros there are three indicati
Page 79 and 80: Models The problem of Etruscan orig
Page 81 and 82: 7th century BC, is, considering the
Page 83 and 84: (proto-)Villanovan is attested (cf.
Page 85 and 86: sumed that the Etruscans have borro
Page 87: grave of North Pontic steppe type,
Page 90 and 91: Trojans, nor will they change their
Page 92 and 93: “Venel Atelinas has given this to
Page 94 and 95: as follows: 370 1. M(arce) Vnata
Page 96 and 97: Fig. 17. Settlement of the Sea Peop
Page 98 and 99: salian Gyrtone. 406 On the basis of
Page 100 and 101: of their foundation of Kume, the Ai
Page 102 and 103: Asherah, Ugaritic y-, -m)!”. 453
Page 104 and 105: inhabitants of the Mesara plain at
Page 106 and 107: sociated from that of Mls, a predec
Page 108 and 109: found here. 513 It is interesting t
Page 110 and 111: Fig. 21. Distribution of Trojan gre
Page 112 and 113: The story continues with the Sherde
Page 114 and 115: On the basis of the combined eviden
Page 116 and 117: our identification of the Weshesh w
Page 118 and 119: (Histories I, 57) reports, adopted
Page 123 and 124: APPENDIX I: ON THE DECIPHERMENT OF
Page 125 and 126: 36. 5 005 191 TIWATA, [ti] PF 2 (35
Page 127 and 128: Evans CHIC CL value attestation 64.
Page 129 and 130: identical to Egyptian bi’ty “ki
Page 131 and 132: # 258 # 271 # 296 # 309 1 2 3 1. 'y
Page 133: # 314 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. 'tá-PÁRA
Page 136 and 137: 52. “-ship” -®i- -c-, -- (pro)
Page 138 and 139: 59. 3rd pers. pl. pres./fut. -nt -n
Page 140 and 141: pattern is formed by the G pl. in -
Page 142 and 143: LUWIAN ROMAN INDIC GERMANIC F1 Tark
Page 144 and 145: linguistic point of view, however,
Page 146 and 147: meat) or as a sacred animal per se:
Page 148 and 149: Behn, Friedrich, 1924, Hausurnen. B
Page 150 and 151: tury B.C’. Orientalia 56. Pp. 1-3
Page 152 and 153: Gardiner, Alan H., 1947, Ancient Eg
Page 154 and 155: Ägäis und die Levante während de
Page 156 and 157: terranean in the mid second millenn
Page 158 and 159: occidentale. Studia Mediterranea 8.
Page 160 and 161: Sommer, Ferdinand, 1932, Die A®®i
Page 162 and 163: --- , 2004b, Woudhuizen, Fred C., S
Page 164 and 165: hele andere etnische groep rekenen.
Page 167: CURRICULUM VITAE VAN FREDERIK CHRIS
show all

The Ethnicity of the Sea Peoples - RePub - Erasmus Universiteit ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?