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meat) or as a sacred animal per se: 723 it must have had already military significance in this early period and hence have been used for riding724 (note in this connection that the outcome of the sacred marriage between Poseidon and Demeter in horse shape at Thelpusa, the divine horse Areion, is reported to have been mounted by Adrastos, i.e. a king with a Phrygian name whose antecedents hence may likewise go back to Middle Helladic times, in the mythical war of the seven heroes from the Argolid against Thebes). 725 The ultimately Pelasgian origins of Poseidon can be further underlined by other literary evidence. First of all, it is conspicuous that Poseidon is particularly worshipped in the regions where we have situated the local allies of the foreign invaders which arrived in Greece c. 1600 BC, viz. in Pylos (Nestor is sacrificing to Poseidon when Telemakhos visits him in the Odyssey), 726 Attica (think of the contest between Athena and Poseidon, which the former won because of her gift of the olive tree), 727 and Iolkos (as mythical father of Pelias and Neleus). 728 Next, Poseidon is directly associated in myth with Phrygians (Pelops, at Olympia, and the nymph Mideia), 729 or Thracians (Eumolpos, Kykhreus, the Abantes and Aones, the Eteobutades), 730 or pre-Greeks more in general (Pelasgos, Minyas). 731 In the light of the given associations with the horse 723 Schachermeyr 1950: 53-4; 121. 724 Crouwel 1981: 46 “It is not impossible that some of the single horses buried [among which the one at Marathon – notwithstanding Crouwel’s second thoughts still considered Middle Helladic in Papadimitriou 2001, be it with doubts expressed in a note] were riding animals.” This does not collide with Drews’ recent thesis (2004) that riding became military effective in the form of cavalry units only after the Bronze Age. Note that this single horse burial from the Middle Helladic period contrasts with double horse burials as discovered at Dendra (Protonotariou-Deilaki 1990), which cannot be dissociated from the war-chariot and hence must be assigned to the period from c. 1600 BC onwards. 725 Pausanias, Guide to Greece 8, 25, 7-9; cf. Wiesner 1968: F. 111. 726 Homeros, Odyssey III, 1 ff. 727 Herodotos, Histories VIII, 55. 728 Schachermeyr 1950: 43. 729 Schachermeyr 1950: 22; 41. 730 Schachermeyr 1950: 36-7; 41; cf. Detschew 1976, s.v. Bouts and Kukhris, and Woudhuizen 1989: 196. 731 Schachermeyr 1950: 41; 43. 146 and with pre-Greek population groups in Greece, the connection of Poseidon with the chariot (Pelops at Olympia, Onkhestos, the two horses of Peleus named Xanthos and Balios) 732 – as we have seen in section 7, the military weapon newly introduced by the foreign invaders c. 1600 BC – and with the ones who are responsible for its introduction in Greece (Kadmos), 733 appears to be of secondary nature. Just like Demeter and Zeus, Poseidon is also attested for Crete. Thus, in the genitive form po-se-da-o-ne he occurs together with other deities on a Linear B tablet from Knossos (KN V 52). 734 Furthermore, if our location of Skheria and the Phaiakians in the western part of the Mesara valley holds good, it is noteworthy that Poseidon had a temple here and is considered to be the father of Nausithoös, the founding father of the Phaiakians. 735 At any rate, this latter evidence ties in perfectly with our indications of Pelasgian presence in the very same region of Crete as presented in section 12 above! 732 Schachermeyr 1950: 22; 39; 42. 733 Schachermeyr 1950: 170. 734 Ventris & Chadwick 1973: 311-2. 735 Schachermeyr 1950: 172. Note in this connection that striking evidence for the cult of Poseidon in the region in question is provided by the remark in the Souda, s.v. Maleos that the latter had dedicated a stone at the entrance of the harbor of Phaistos to Poseidon, cf. Briquel 1984: 266.
Achterberg, Winfried, Best, Jan, Enzler, Kees, Rietveld, Lia, & Woudhuizen, Fred, 2004, The Phaistos Disc: A Luwian Letter to Nestor. Publications of the Henri Frankfort Foundation 13. Amsterdam: Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society. Adams, J.N., Janse, Mark, & Swain, Simon, 2002, Bilingualism in Ancient Society, Language Contact and the Written Word. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Agostiniani, Luciano, & Nicosia, Francesco, 2000, Tabula Cortonensis. Roma: «L’Erma» di Bretschneider. Agostino, Bruno d’, 1977, Tombe «Principesche» dell’ orientalizzante antico da Pontecagnano. Monumenti Antichi, Serie miscellanea Volume II, 1. Roma: Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Åkerstrøm, Åke, 1934, Studien über die Etruskischen Gräber, Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Entwicklung des Kammergrabes. Lund: C.W.K. Gleerup. Akurgal, Ekrem, 1992, ‘L’Art Hatti’. In: Hittite and Other Anatolian and Near Eastern Studies in Honour of Sedat Alp, eds. Heinrich Otten, Hayri Ertem, Ekrem Akurgal & Aygül Süel. Pp. 1-5. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. Albright, William Foxwell, 1932, The Excavations of Tell Beit Mirsim in Palestine, I: The Pottery of the First Three Campaigns. Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 12. ––– , 1959, ‘Dunand’s new Byblos Volume: A Lycian at the Byblian court’. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 155. Pp. 31-34. ––– , 1975, ‘Syria, the Philistines, and Phoenicia’. In: Cambridge Ancient History II, 2, Chapter 33. Pp. 507-536. Cambridge: At the University Press (3rd edition). Alföldi, Andreas, 1963, Early Rome and the Latins. Leiden: E.J. Brill. Alp, Sedat, 1968, Zylinder- und Stempelsiegel aus Karahöyük bei Konya. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. Alt, Albrecht, 1944, ‘Ägyptische Tempel in Palästina und die Landnahme der Philister’. Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 67. Pp. 1-20. Altheim, Franz, 1950, Der Ursprung der Etrusker. Baden-Baden: Verlag für Kunst und Wissenschaft. Aravantinos, Vassilis L., Godart, Louis, & Sacconi, Anna, 2001, Thèbes, Fouilles de la Cadmée I, Les tablettes en linéaire B de la odos Pelopidou, Édition et commentaire. Pisa-Roma: Istituti editoriale e poligrafici internazionali. Astour, Michael C., 1964, ‘Greek Names in the Semitic World and Semitic Names in the Greek World’. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 23. Pp. 193-201. ––– , 1965a, ‘New Evidence on the Last Days of Ugarit’. Ameri- BIBLIOGRAPHY 147 can Journal of Archaeology 69. Pp. 253-258. ––– , 1965b, Hellenosemitica, An Ethnic and Cultural Study in West Semitic Impact on Mycenaean Greece. Leiden: E.J. Brill. ––– , 1972, ‘Some Recent Works on Ancient Syria and the Sea People’. Journal of the American Oriental Society 92. Pp. 447-459. Balkan, Kemal, 1954, Kassitenstudien I: Die Sprache der Kassiten. New Haven, Connecticut: American Oriental Society. Barako, Tristan J., 2004, [Review of: Eliezer D. Oren, The Sea Peoples and Their World: A Reassessment]. American Journal of Archaeology, 108: 453-455. Barnett, Richard D., 1969, ‘The Sea Peoples’. In: Cambridge Ancient History II, 2, Chapter 28. Pp. 3-21. Cambridge: At the University Press (3rd edition). ––– , 1975, ‘The Sea Peoples’. In: Cambridge Ancient History II, 2, Chapter 28. Pp. 359-378. Cambridge: At the University Press (3rd edition). Barth, Frederik, 1969, Ethnic Groups and Boundaries. The Social Organization of Culture Difference. Bergen-Oslo: Universitets Forlaget. London: George Allen & Unwin. Bartonk, Antonín, & Buchner, Georgio, 1995, ‘Die ältesten griechischen Inschriften von Pithekoussai (2. Hälfte des VIII. bis 1. Hälfte des VII. Jh.)’. Die Sprache, Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 37:2. Pp. 129-231. Bass, George, 1997, ‘Beneath the Wine Dark Sea: Nautical Archaeology and the Phoenicians of the Odyssey’. In: Greeks and Barbarians, Essays on the Interaction between Greeks and Non-Greeks in Antiquity and the Consequences of Eurocentrism, eds. John E. Coleman & Clark A. Walz. Pp. 71- 101. Bethesda, Maryland: CDL Press. Beekes, Robert S.P., 1990, Vergelijkende taalwetenschap, Tussen Sanskrit en Nederlands (= Aula Paperback 176). Utrecht: Uitgeverij Het Spectrum BV. ––– , 1993, ‘The Position of Etruscan’. In: Indogermanica et Italica, Festschrift für Helmut Rix zum 65. Geburtstag, Hrsg. Gerhard Meisner. Pp. 46-60. Innsbruck: Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft. ––– , 1998, ‘The origin of Lat. aqua, and of *teut “people”’. Journal of Indo-European Studies 26. Pp. 459-466. ––– , 2001, [Review of C. De Simone, I Tirreni a Lemnos, Evidenza linguistica e tradizioni storiche, Firenze, Olschki 1996]. Mnemosyne 54. Pp. 359-364. ––– , 2002, ‘The Prehistory of the Lydians, the Origin of the Etruscans, Troy and Aeneas’. Bibliotheca Orientalis 59, 3/4 mei- augustus. Pp. 205-239. Beekes, Robert S.P., & Meer, L. Bauke van der, 1991, De Etrusken Spreken. Muiderberg: Coutinho.
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The Ethnicity of the Sea Peoples 1
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Promotiecommissie Promotor: Prof.dr
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CONTENTS Preface ..................
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profited from the collaboration wit
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Frontispiece. Rowers depicted on a
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In a work which deals with the ethn
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similar vein, to accuse Georges Dum
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upon a pre-existing local populatio
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certainty about the 8th century BC
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with the Heraklids Kresphontes and
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after the end of the Bronze Age. 43
Page 28 and 29:
Miletos may be due to an historical
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It lies at hand to correlate the fa
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more, he rearranged the western pro
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4. AN HISTORIOGRAPHIC OUTLINE In th
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The view of Maspero that the Sea Pe
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ples as mere pirates goes Helck’s
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site or manoeuvring in mountainous
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The contemporary sources with a bea
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Enkomi cylinder seal (Inv. no. 19.1
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Tablet 1687 from Enkomi Side A (15)
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RS 20.238 ù dú-nu-na-ta dan-níš
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Libyans (year 5) as well as success
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Fig. 5. Land battle scene of Medine
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he said to me: “To be sure, they
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6. LUKKA AND THE LUKKA LANDS Since
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7. ETHNOGENESIS OF THE GREEKS The d
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the archaeological record by the Ma
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adopting the then modern Indo-Aryan
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Evidently, the Hyksos were a highly
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linguistic features from an hypothe
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have been Crete, since in the text
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war 199 - a suggestion further emph
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give and take a few dialectal reshu
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In Homeros there are three indicati
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Models The problem of Etruscan orig
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7th century BC, is, considering the
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(proto-)Villanovan is attested (cf.
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sumed that the Etruscans have borro
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grave of North Pontic steppe type,
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Trojans, nor will they change their
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“Venel Atelinas has given this to
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as follows: 370 1. M(arce) Vnata
Page 96 and 97: Fig. 17. Settlement of the Sea Peop
Page 98 and 99: salian Gyrtone. 406 On the basis of
Page 100 and 101: of their foundation of Kume, the Ai
Page 102 and 103: Asherah, Ugaritic y-, -m)!”. 453
Page 104 and 105: inhabitants of the Mesara plain at
Page 106 and 107: sociated from that of Mls, a predec
Page 108 and 109: found here. 513 It is interesting t
Page 110 and 111: Fig. 21. Distribution of Trojan gre
Page 112 and 113: The story continues with the Sherde
Page 114 and 115: On the basis of the combined eviden
Page 116 and 117: our identification of the Weshesh w
Page 118 and 119: (Histories I, 57) reports, adopted
Page 120 and 121: lesh are geographically based, bein
Page 123 and 124: APPENDIX I: ON THE DECIPHERMENT OF
Page 125 and 126: 36. 5 005 191 TIWATA, [ti] PF 2 (35
Page 127 and 128: Evans CHIC CL value attestation 64.
Page 129 and 130: identical to Egyptian bi’ty “ki
Page 131 and 132: # 258 # 271 # 296 # 309 1 2 3 1. 'y
Page 133: # 314 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. 'tá-PÁRA
Page 136 and 137: 52. “-ship” -®i- -c-, -- (pro)
Page 138 and 139: 59. 3rd pers. pl. pres./fut. -nt -n
Page 140 and 141: pattern is formed by the G pl. in -
Page 142 and 143: LUWIAN ROMAN INDIC GERMANIC F1 Tark
Page 144 and 145: linguistic point of view, however,
Page 148 and 149: Behn, Friedrich, 1924, Hausurnen. B
Page 150 and 151: tury B.C’. Orientalia 56. Pp. 1-3
Page 152 and 153: Gardiner, Alan H., 1947, Ancient Eg
Page 154 and 155: Ägäis und die Levante während de
Page 156 and 157: terranean in the mid second millenn
Page 158 and 159: occidentale. Studia Mediterranea 8.
Page 160 and 161: Sommer, Ferdinand, 1932, Die A®®i
Page 162 and 163: --- , 2004b, Woudhuizen, Fred C., S
Page 164 and 165: hele andere etnische groep rekenen.
Page 167: CURRICULUM VITAE VAN FREDERIK CHRIS
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