Frontispiece. Rowers depicted on a Late Helladic IIIC sherd from Seraglio on Kos (from Sandars 1980: 131, afb. 92)..................................................................... 5 Fig. 1a. Diagram <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> extremities in <strong>the</strong> spectrum <strong>of</strong> possibilities <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> relation between ethnic groups and <strong>the</strong> indicia language, religion, and material culture ............................................................................ 16 Fig. 1b. Diagram <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> partial relationship between ethnicity and its indicia, kinship, material culture, language, and religion......................................................... 21 Fig. 2. Distribution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Greek dialects (from Hall 1997: 154, Fig. 25)......................................................... 23 Fig. 3. <strong>The</strong> ethnonyms <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Sea</strong> <strong>Peoples</strong> in Egyptian writing, transliteration, and standardized transcription (from Kitchen 1982: IV, 4 and Kitchen 1983: V, 40) .... 36 Fig. 4. Plan <strong>of</strong> Ramesses III’s temple at Medinet Habu, <strong>The</strong>bes (after Cifola 1991: 12) ............................ 51 Fig. 5. Land battle scene <strong>of</strong> Medinet Habu (from Oren 2000: 96, Fig. 5.5)................................................. 53 Fig. 6. <strong>Sea</strong> battle scene <strong>of</strong> Medinet Habu (from Oren 2000: 98, Fig. 5.6).......................................................... 53 Fig. 7. Prisoners <strong>of</strong> war: (a) Hittite, (b) Amorite, (c) Tjeker, (d) Sherden, (e) Shasu, and (f) Teresh (from Nibbi 1975: Pl. I) ..................................................................... 53 Fig. 8. Map <strong>of</strong> Lycia (from Mellink 1995)............. 58 Fig. 9. Distribution <strong>of</strong> centres <strong>of</strong> radiation <strong>of</strong> Late Helladic I material. (a) Pottery in combination with architectural remains (Pylos, Kirrha, <strong>The</strong>bes, Eleusis, and A<strong>the</strong>ns); (b) pottery in shaft graves, tholos- and chamber tombs (Koryphasion, Peristeria, Epidauros Limera, Lerna, Mycenae, Prosymna, and Thorikos). Sources: van Royen & Isaac 1979 and Hope Simpson 1981.......................... 63 Fig. 10. Reconstruction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> split between Greek and Thraco-Phrygian on <strong>the</strong> basis <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> development <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mediae aspiratae (after Haas 1966: 209).................. 66 Fig. 11. Sites in sou<strong>the</strong>rn and central Greece destroyed and/or abandoned at <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> Late Helladic IIIB. 1. Teikhos Dymaion, 2. Pylos, 3. Nikhoria, 4. Menelaion, 5. Ayios Stephanos, 6. Krisa, 7. Tsoungiza, 8. Mycenae, 9. Zygouries, 10. Berbati, 11. Prosymna, 12. Midea/Dendra, 13. Tiryns, 14. Orkhomenos, 15. Iria, 16. Gla, 17. Eutresis, 18. <strong>The</strong>bes, 19. Brauron. Source: Hope Simpson & Dickinson 1979 ........................................... 72 LIST OF FIGURES 12 Fig. 12. Sites and cemeteries (a) in Late Helladic IIIB and (b) in Late Helladic IIIC (from Popham 2001: 282-3) ............................................................................ 75 Fig. 13. Distribution <strong>of</strong> biconical urns in <strong>the</strong> Urnfield world (from Hencken 1968: 441, fig. 452) .................... 81 Fig. 14. Distribution <strong>of</strong> house urns (from Bouzek 1997: fig. 49) ................................................................. 82 Fig. 15. Distribution <strong>of</strong> (a) proto-Villanovan and (b) Villanovan sites (after Hencken 1968: fig. 466) ............ 83 Fig. 16. <strong>The</strong> Heroon <strong>of</strong> Aeneas at Lavinium (from Somella 1974: Taf. VII)................................................. 90 Fig. 17. Settlement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Sea</strong> <strong>Peoples</strong> in <strong>the</strong> Levant and <strong>the</strong> remains <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Egyptian sphere <strong>of</strong> influence (from Bietak 1993: 295, Fig. 4) ............................................... 96 Fig. 18. Figurines from (a) Asdod, (b) Cyprus, and (c) Mycenae (from Sandars 1980: 165, afb. 116) .......... 97 Fig. 19. Comparison <strong>of</strong> (a) Philistine chamber tombs from Tell Fara with (b) Mycenaean prototypes (from Waldbaum 1966: 332, Ill. 1; 336, Ills. 11-14)................ 97 Fig. 20. Late Helladic IIIC1b ware with “anti<strong>the</strong>tic horns” and “bird looking backwards”: (a) Crete, (b) Cy - prus, and (c) Philistia (after Schachermeyr 1979: 160, Abb. 41a; Noort 1994: 122, Abb. 36; 115, Abb. 38) ....................................................................................... 98 Fig. 21. Distribution <strong>of</strong> Trojan grey ware (from Heuck Allen 1994)....................................................... 110 Fig. 22. Sherden in <strong>the</strong> Egyptian reliefs from <strong>the</strong> reigns <strong>of</strong> Ramesses II and Ramesses III with (a) long slashing swords and round shields, and (b) javelins (from Sandars 1980: 29, afb. 12 and 32, afb. 14) .................. 111 Fig. 23. Statue-menhirs from Corsica: (a) Cauria (with horns reconstructed on <strong>the</strong> helmets), (b) Scalsa Murta (from Grosjean 1966b, Fig. 5; Sandars 1980: 99, afb. 60)......................................................................... 113 Fig. 24. Distribution <strong>of</strong> Urnfield culture and <strong>the</strong> route <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Sea</strong> <strong>Peoples</strong>; (a) c. 1180 BC; (b) 12th-10th century BC (after Kimmig 1964: 269-70, Abb. 17-8) .............. 116 Fig. 25. Origins <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cretan hieroglyphic script. (a) Luwian hieroglyphic (56 signs); (b) Egyptian hieroglyphic (14 signs) ........................................................ 128 Fig. 26. Cretan hieroglyphic seals with <strong>the</strong> categories “man’s name”, “title”, and “place or country name” (drawings <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> original publications, except in <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> # 309) ................................................................130-133
Table 1. Overview <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mention <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Sea</strong> <strong>Peoples</strong> in <strong>the</strong> various Egy ptian sources from <strong>the</strong> Late Bronze Age ................................................................................ 56 Table 2. Literary traditions with a bearing on <strong>the</strong> transition from Middle Helladic to Late Helladic I, c. 1600 BC. ....................................................................... 63 Table 3. Developments in <strong>the</strong> innovative group <strong>of</strong> Indo-European languages related to <strong>the</strong> progressive use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> horse ........................................................................ 67 Table 4. Correspondences between Cretan hieroglyphic and Luwian hieroglyphic (values in square brackets attested for Cretan hieroglyphic only)............. 124-125 LIST OF TABLES 13 Table 5. Correspondences between Cretan hieroglyphic and Egyptian hieroglyphic (values as attested for Cretan hieroglyphic).................................................... 125 Table 6. Correspondences between Cretan hieroglyphic and Cretan Linear ........................................... 127 Table 7. Correspondences between Cretan hieroglyphic and Cypro-Minoan.......................................... 127 Table 8. <strong>Sea</strong>ls with <strong>the</strong> categories “man’s name”, “title”, and “place or country name”................................ 130 Table 9. Trifunctional divine triads among various Indo-European speaking groups. ................................ 142
- Page 1: The Ethnicity of the Sea Peoples 1
- Page 4 and 5: Promotiecommissie Promotor: Prof.dr
- Page 7: CONTENTS Preface ..................
- Page 10 and 11: profited from the collaboration wit
- Page 15 and 16: In a work which deals with the ethn
- Page 17 and 18: similar vein, to accuse Georges Dum
- Page 19: upon a pre-existing local populatio
- Page 22 and 23: certainty about the 8th century BC
- Page 24 and 25: with the Heraklids Kresphontes and
- Page 26 and 27: after the end of the Bronze Age. 43
- Page 28 and 29: Miletos may be due to an historical
- Page 30 and 31: It lies at hand to correlate the fa
- Page 32 and 33: more, he rearranged the western pro
- Page 35 and 36: 4. AN HISTORIOGRAPHIC OUTLINE In th
- Page 37 and 38: The view of Maspero that the Sea Pe
- Page 39 and 40: ples as mere pirates goes Helck’s
- Page 41 and 42: site or manoeuvring in mountainous
- Page 43 and 44: The contemporary sources with a bea
- Page 45 and 46: Enkomi cylinder seal (Inv. no. 19.1
- Page 47 and 48: Tablet 1687 from Enkomi Side A (15)
- Page 49 and 50: RS 20.238 ù dú-nu-na-ta dan-níš
- Page 51 and 52: Libyans (year 5) as well as success
- Page 53 and 54: Fig. 5. Land battle scene of Medine
- Page 55 and 56: he said to me: “To be sure, they
- Page 57 and 58: 6. LUKKA AND THE LUKKA LANDS Since
- Page 59 and 60: 7. ETHNOGENESIS OF THE GREEKS The d
- Page 61 and 62: the archaeological record by the Ma
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adopting the then modern Indo-Aryan
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Evidently, the Hyksos were a highly
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linguistic features from an hypothe
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have been Crete, since in the text
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war 199 - a suggestion further emph
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give and take a few dialectal reshu
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In Homeros there are three indicati
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Models The problem of Etruscan orig
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7th century BC, is, considering the
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(proto-)Villanovan is attested (cf.
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sumed that the Etruscans have borro
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grave of North Pontic steppe type,
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Trojans, nor will they change their
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“Venel Atelinas has given this to
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as follows: 370 1. M(arce) Vnata
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Fig. 17. Settlement of the Sea Peop
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salian Gyrtone. 406 On the basis of
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of their foundation of Kume, the Ai
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Asherah, Ugaritic y-, -m)!”. 453
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inhabitants of the Mesara plain at
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sociated from that of Mls, a predec
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found here. 513 It is interesting t
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Fig. 21. Distribution of Trojan gre
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The story continues with the Sherde
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On the basis of the combined eviden
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our identification of the Weshesh w
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(Histories I, 57) reports, adopted
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lesh are geographically based, bein
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APPENDIX I: ON THE DECIPHERMENT OF
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36. 5 005 191 TIWATA, [ti] PF 2 (35
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Evans CHIC CL value attestation 64.
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identical to Egyptian bi’ty “ki
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# 258 # 271 # 296 # 309 1 2 3 1. 'y
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# 314 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. 'tá-PÁRA
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52. “-ship” -®i- -c-, -- (pro)
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59. 3rd pers. pl. pres./fut. -nt -n
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pattern is formed by the G pl. in -
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LUWIAN ROMAN INDIC GERMANIC F1 Tark
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linguistic point of view, however,
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meat) or as a sacred animal per se:
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Behn, Friedrich, 1924, Hausurnen. B
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tury B.C’. Orientalia 56. Pp. 1-3
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Gardiner, Alan H., 1947, Ancient Eg
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Ägäis und die Levante während de
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terranean in the mid second millenn
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occidentale. Studia Mediterranea 8.
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Sommer, Ferdinand, 1932, Die A®®i
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--- , 2004b, Woudhuizen, Fred C., S
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hele andere etnische groep rekenen.
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CURRICULUM VITAE VAN FREDERIK CHRIS