Mineral Resources Potential - Geothermal Resources

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34 Mined <strong>Resources</strong> <strong>Potential</strong> or Ethiopia of metallic mineral deposits (gold, base metals, rare metals, Ni-Cr- Co and others), for potential investors to enjoy such rewarding business opportunities. 3.1 Gold deposit Occurrence Due to its relative chemical inertness, gold is usually found as the native metal or alloy. Occasionally large accumulations of native gold (also known as nuggets) occur but usually gold occurs as minute grains. These grains occur between mineral grain boundaries or as inclusions within minerals. Common gold associations are quartz often as veins and sulfide minerals. The most common sulfide associations are pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, arsenopyrite, stibnite and pyrrhotite. Rarer mineral associations are petzite, calaverite, sylvanite, muthrnannite, nagyagi te and krennerlte. Gold is widely distributed in the Earth's crust at a background level of 0.03 g11,000 kg (0.03 ppm by weight) (Boyle, 1987). Hydrothermal ore deposits of gold occur in metamorphic rocks and igneous rocks -alluvial placer deposits originate from these sources. The primary source of gold is usually igneous rocks or surface concentrations. A deposit usually needs some form of secondary enrichment to form an economically viable ore deposit: either chemical or physical ,pro'cesses like erosion or solution or more generally metamorphism, which concentrates the gold in sulfide minerals or quartz. There are several primary deposit types; common ones are termed reef or vein. Primary deposits can be weathered and eroded, with most of the gold being transported into stream beds where it congregates with other heavy minerals to form placer deposits. In all these deposits the gold is in its native form. Another important ore type is in sedimentary black shale and limestone deposits containing finely disseminated gold and other platinum group metals. Gold occurs in sea water at 0.1 to 2 mg/t
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Page 1 and 2: Mineral Resources Potential of Ethi
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Page 5 and 6: 3.6 Chromite ......................
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Page 13 and 14: 2 Mineral kurces Potential of Ethio
Page 15 and 16: 41 Mhal Rmum Potential of Ethiopia
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Page 19 and 20: up the marine Mmic sequence within
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Page 23 and 24: Map of East Africa showing some of
Page 26 and 27: ~aln-ggrwpll ~lrln lll~ ~gpb) "comp
Page 28 and 29: g 8 2 550-500 Ma? Y7 Pan African om
Page 30 and 31: Gmlogical uuliinr: 1 9 Red Sea and
Page 32 and 33: Geological outline 2.1 ' 01' hhiopi
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Page 38: 28 Mineral Resources Potential of M
Page 41 and 42: Geoloaicsll outline 3 1 Sllc Sedime
Page 43: - Kenya border (e.g. Haramsam, Hasa
Page 47 and 48: Metallic M W s 37 jewelry, gold is
Page 49 and 50: Metallic Minerals 39 to 40O0c). The
Page 51 and 52: Omgenic mesolhermal gold deposits i
Page 53 and 54: Metallic Mincrals 43 quartz schists
Page 56: Ah Mincml RLWUKCS l'utential or Eth
Page 59 and 60: '-& -. ,.:& Metallic Minds 49. - -
Page 62 and 63: . 46 '& 52 Mineral Resources Potent
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Page 68 and 69: wide. Propylitic dtetatibln,~ which
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Page 72 and 73: I' Other sidlar structures ~ b lof
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Page 76 and 77: , suggesting either- .prefeferftiti
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Page 81 and 82: I Figure 16 Plawrgoldminiihm adoepp
Page 83 and 84: Platinum deposits in Ethiopia Mcmll
Page 85 and 86: Metallic Minwala 75 for mineralized
Page 87 and 88: Metallic Minerals 77 Pigrrro 18 A)
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Figure 28 Tantslite promsing plant;
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88 Mineral Resourn Potential of Eth
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SEPI* 3 Km 0- Figure 30 Geology of
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...k; *.-, 92 Mineral Rwurces Poten
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94 Mineral Resources PotenIial of E
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96 Mineral Resources Potential of E
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98 Mineral Resources Potmtial of Et
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100 Mineral Resources Potential of
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106 Minwal Resources Potmtial of Et
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3.6 Chromite Metallic Minerals 109
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3.7 Manganese deposit Occurrence Me
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Metallic Minalals 1 13 ,. 3.8 Base
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,3 I MetallicMinerals 115 I But mor
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Metallic Minemls 1 17 water colours
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Metallic Minds 119 sediments over t
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1 Metallic M inds 121 into most sil
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Chapter 4 Industrial minerals Indus
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Industrial Minerals 125 dolomite. M
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Induslrid M i d 127 concentration o
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43 Bentonite Industrial Minerals 12
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alteration (hydrothermal and weathe
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silica sand, by the capacity of the
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&ted at ksevd. hundnL million .tons
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I FIm 33 Magtmite block from ~h mag
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4.8 Talc Occurrence Industrial M in
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~ .. - Industrial Minerals .. 14 1
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hx several. fum incldiing ;, glass
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Itldwtrial Minds 143 Specific varie
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I ndusttial Minerals 147 The formul
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InaustrialMbemls 149 southwestern E
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Applications Industrial Minerals 15
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,+ Industrial MimlS : -153 977 also
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I I I ApplCcp1tio1~~ Indudrial Mine
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I .. ' - , . . -. .-..- - , , , ,,.
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1 I Industrial Mjnorah '1 59 (bariu
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Industrial Minerals 161 called p om
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ammonium-nitrogen by ion dchange an
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Industrial Minerals 165 Moyale grap
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1 ' ".:-' 168 :@inaal .Reso~r&:Potm
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w;i;y Gems~ones and Semi-precious S
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6.1 Corundum (ruby and sapphire) Sa
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I 1 b Gemstones and Semi-precious S
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Gemstones and Semi-~wious Stones 19
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Gemstones and hi-&ws Stones 195 Bab
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1 Gemstones and Semi-prmious Stones
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7.1 Fossil fuels Chapter 7 Energy R
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Energy Kesoams 20 1 CreWus Age (abo
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, m Enwgy Resources 203 dull materi
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P . , Ug&e (CbilgiType) hrw mrces 2
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General characteristics of the coal
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I I I t ! a Five principal tmigenou
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Enagy Resou- 2 1 1 commenced with q
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" ' le 1 ' Other cod (lignite) occu
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I - 7.13 Oil and gas Energy Reso- 2
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Top petroleum-produchg countries En
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Enew Resources 2 19 gas resources i
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underneath the Tertiary rift strata
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En- Resowlew ~3 dry rock, geopressd
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Y I Resources Potential of Ethiopia
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228 Mineral P O W of Ethiopia
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230 Mineral Rwurces Potential of mh
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232 Mind Resources Potentid of Ethi
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Summary and concludons The aim of t
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@ G;' 240 Mind Resou- Potential of
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References Abdelselam, M.G., Stm, R
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!J ; northem sector of the MER: rel
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Getaneh, A,, Saxena, G.N. (1 984).
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hkC~ux, E., Milk&, J.P.) (1993). Le
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-= 251 Reinhardt, P., Sisay, D. "Ev
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254 Mineral Resouroes Potential of
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Annex 1. Major mineral deposits of
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I 1 NAME Afa (Dabw Insin) Ahtu Afla
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Gaada GLidmol a i i 2 Gbimira bkn G
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- - NAME IDEhTlF. SUBSTANCE Lake nb
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NAME I Sam (Ni) Ss-w IDENTIF. SUBST
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I NAME Kanticba (Au) Ogaden (htr, O
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280 Minerd Remmxs Potential of Ethi
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286 Miml Resources Potential of Eth
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I exploration ZBO Mind Resources Po
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