Ben-Gurion University of the Negev

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Abbreviations C - Carbon R - Residue, functional group UV - ultraviolet ROS - reactive oxygen species CO2 - carbon dioxide PS - photosystem nm - nanometer µm - micrometer DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid RAPD - Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA AFLP - Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism o C - centigrade mg - milligram chl. - chlorophyll carot. - carotenoid OD - Optical Density mL - milliliter HCl - hydrochloric acid HPLC - High-performance liquid chromatography RP - reverse phase H2O - water HCOOH - formic acid CH3CN - acetonitrile min. - minute µL - microliter gFW - gram fresh weight MS - Mass Spectrometry XIV µm - micrometer mm - millimeter 1H NMR - proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance MHz - Megahertz SD - standard deviation Fig. - Figure P - P value Spp. - species RT - retention time MW - molecular weight δ - delta
1. Introduction 1.1. Red coloration of tree leaves 1 There are very few trees possessing constantly red leaves, with redness covering either the whole leaf surface or appearing in patches, as in some tropical understory trees. Transient redness, however, is much more common. Broadly we can distinguish between developmentally and environmentally determined appearances of redness. In the first case, young leaves of some trees are red but gradually turn to green upon maturation (Karageorgou and Manetas, 2006); or, mature green leaves can become red during senescence (Wheldale, 1916; Sanger, 1971; Chang et al., 1989; King, 1997; Kozlowski and Pallardy, 1997). On the other hand, red color accumulation can be induced in mature green leaves by various biotic or abiotic agents like wounding (Bopp, 1959; Costa-Arbulu et al., 2001; Stone et al., 2001), pathogen attack (Hipskind et al., 1996), nutrient deficiency (Atkinson, 1973; Hodges and Nozzolillo, 1996; Kumar and Sharma, 1999), UV-B radiation (Lindoo and Caldwell, 1978; Mendez et al., 1999) and high light in combination with low temperatures (Christie et al., 1994; Close et al., 2001; Krol et al., 1995; Hughes et al., 2005). Autumn colors are due mainly to carotenoids (yellow-orange) and anthocyanins (red- purple). In some species, such as Caryophyllaceae, red color is also due to betalains (Clement and Mabry, 1996). Although carotenoids are present all year round in the leaves, they are masked in mature leaves by the green color of chlorophyll. In autumn they become visible because of the breakdown of chlorophyll into colorless metabolites, but there is no evidence for a de novo synthesis of carotenoids (Tanaka et al., 2008). Anthocyanins, by contrast, are newly generated in autumn, shortly before leaf fall (Matile et al., 1992; King, 1997; Kozlowski and Pallardy, 1997; Matile, 2000). Thus, red is produced actively in autumn and is not simply a side effect of leaf senescence. As
Page 1 and 2: Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
Page 3 and 4: Abstract I Anthocyanins in Pistacia
Page 5 and 6: Acknowledgement III I would like to
Page 7 and 8: V 1.7. Hypothesis and objectives ..
Page 9 and 10: VII 3.6.1.2. Spring and autumn tota
Page 11 and 12: List of Figures IX Fig. 1. Anthocya
Page 13 and 14: Table 10. Chlorophyll and carotenoi
Page 15: List of Appendix Tables XIII Table
Page 19 and 20: Fig. 1. Anthocyanidin chemical stru
Page 21 and 22: 5 simple phenolics are also potenti
Page 23 and 24: 7 photosystem II (PSII) efficiency
Page 25 and 26: 9 Harborne, 1976). Yet, although mo
Page 27 and 28: 1.5. Leaf senescence 11 Leaf senesc
Page 29 and 30: 1.7. Hypothesis and objectives Hypo
Page 31 and 32: 2.3. Anthocyanin extraction 15 Leaf
Page 33 and 34: 2.6. NMR analysis 17 NMR spectra of
Page 35 and 36: A C E A 19 C D D E F F Fig. 3. Pist
Page 37 and 38: 21 cyanidin corresponds to peak #6
Page 39 and 40: 23 4.20 ± 0.63 mg/gFW, respectivel
Page 41 and 42: 25 Table 4. Flavonoids content and
Page 43 and 44: A 27 A B B Fig. 6. Comparison of P.
Page 45 and 46: 29 The flavonoid contents of peaks
Page 47 and 48: 3.4.5. P.vera 3.4.5.1. Spring 31 Le
Page 49 and 50: 33 Fig. 8. Comparison of P. lentisc
Page 51 and 52: 55 The ratios of the combined relat
Page 53 and 54: 77 Table 9. Flavonoids content and
Page 55 and 56: 3.6.1.1. Chlorophyll a/b ratio: 39
Page 57 and 58: 41 3.6.2.2. Spring and autumn total
Page 59 and 60: 3.6.4.2.1. Chlorophyll a/b ratio: 3
Page 61 and 62: 4. Discussion 45 The Pistacia germp
Page 63 and 64: 47 red. Most probably this is relat
Page 65 and 66: 49 The amount of a separated compou
Page 67 and 68:
51 apparatus. Also the decrease in
Page 69 and 70:
53 Pistacia species (Table 12), rev
Page 71 and 72:
6. References 55 Alexieva, V., Serg
Page 73 and 74:
77 Feild, T.S., Lee, D.W. and Holbr
Page 75 and 76:
99 King, J., 1997, Reaching for the
Page 77 and 78:
61 Nagata, T., Todoriki, S., Masumi
Page 79 and 80:
63 Woodall, G.S., Stewart, G.R., 19
Page 81 and 82:
Peak area (mAU, x10 6 ) 65 Fig. 3.
Page 83 and 84:
B A 67 Fig. 7. MS spectrum of peak
Page 85 and 86:
7.2. Tables 69 Table 1a. Identified
Page 87 and 88:
71 Table 2. Ratios of the combined
show all

Ben-Gurion University of the Negev

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?