Ben-Gurion University of the Negev

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Table of Contents IV ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................I ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................................III TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... IV LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................. IX LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................... X LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES .......................................................................... XII LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES ............................................................................ XIII ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................ XIV 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Red coloration of tree leaves............................................................................... 1 1.2. Anthocyanins ...................................................................................................... 2 1.2.1. Anthocyanin functions ................................................................................. 3 1.2.1.1. Anthocyanins as antioxidants ................................................................. 4 1.2.1.2. Photoprotection...................................................................................... 5 1.2.1.3. UV protection ........................................................................................ 8 1.2.1.4. Protection against herbivory................................................................... 9 1.2.1.5. Other functions ...................................................................................... 9 1.3. Pistacia tree ..................................................................................................... 10 1.4. Early vegetation ............................................................................................... 10 1.5. Leaf senescence ................................................................................................ 11 1.6. Flavonoids in Pistacia ...................................................................................... 11
V 1.7. Hypothesis and objectives ................................................................................. 13 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS ............................................................................ 14 2.1. Plant Material .................................................................................................. 14 2.2. Chlorophyll and carotenoids extraction and analysis ........................................ 14 2.3. Anthocyanin extraction ..................................................................................... 15 2.4. HPLC analysis of leaf and stem extract and anthocyanin separation ................ 15 2.4.1. Identification and quantification of the peaks ............................................. 15 2.5. MS analysis ...................................................................................................... 16 2.6. NMR analysis ................................................................................................... 17 2.7. Statistical analysis ............................................................................................ 17 3. RESULTS .............................................................................................................. 18 3.1. Red color phenomenon in Pistacia .................................................................... 18 3.2. Flavonoids pattern in Pistacia species .............................................................. 20 3.3. Identification and quantification of characteristic peaks ................................... 20 3.3.1. HPLC identification ................................................................................... 20 3.3.2. MS identification........................................................................................ 21 3.3.3. NMR identification .................................................................................... 21 3.4. Flavonoids content and pattern in leaves of various Pistacia species ................ 21 3.4.1. P. chinensis ................................................................................................ 21 3.4.1.1. Spring .................................................................................................. 21 3.4.1.2. Autumn................................................................................................ 24 3.4.2. P. palaestina .............................................................................................. 24
Page 1 and 2: Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
Page 3 and 4: Abstract I Anthocyanins in Pistacia
Page 5: Acknowledgement III I would like to
Page 9 and 10: VII 3.6.1.2. Spring and autumn tota
Page 11 and 12: List of Figures IX Fig. 1. Anthocya
Page 13 and 14: Table 10. Chlorophyll and carotenoi
Page 15 and 16: List of Appendix Tables XIII Table
Page 17 and 18: 1. Introduction 1.1. Red coloration
Page 19 and 20: Fig. 1. Anthocyanidin chemical stru
Page 21 and 22: 5 simple phenolics are also potenti
Page 23 and 24: 7 photosystem II (PSII) efficiency
Page 25 and 26: 9 Harborne, 1976). Yet, although mo
Page 27 and 28: 1.5. Leaf senescence 11 Leaf senesc
Page 29 and 30: 1.7. Hypothesis and objectives Hypo
Page 31 and 32: 2.3. Anthocyanin extraction 15 Leaf
Page 33 and 34: 2.6. NMR analysis 17 NMR spectra of
Page 35 and 36: A C E A 19 C D D E F F Fig. 3. Pist
Page 37 and 38: 21 cyanidin corresponds to peak #6
Page 39 and 40: 23 4.20 ± 0.63 mg/gFW, respectivel
Page 41 and 42: 25 Table 4. Flavonoids content and
Page 43 and 44: A 27 A B B Fig. 6. Comparison of P.
Page 45 and 46: 29 The flavonoid contents of peaks
Page 47 and 48: 3.4.5. P.vera 3.4.5.1. Spring 31 Le
Page 49 and 50: 33 Fig. 8. Comparison of P. lentisc
Page 51 and 52: 55 The ratios of the combined relat
Page 53 and 54: 77 Table 9. Flavonoids content and
Page 55 and 56: 3.6.1.1. Chlorophyll a/b ratio: 39
Page 57 and 58:
41 3.6.2.2. Spring and autumn total
Page 59 and 60:
3.6.4.2.1. Chlorophyll a/b ratio: 3
Page 61 and 62:
4. Discussion 45 The Pistacia germp
Page 63 and 64:
47 red. Most probably this is relat
Page 65 and 66:
49 The amount of a separated compou
Page 67 and 68:
51 apparatus. Also the decrease in
Page 69 and 70:
53 Pistacia species (Table 12), rev
Page 71 and 72:
6. References 55 Alexieva, V., Serg
Page 73 and 74:
77 Feild, T.S., Lee, D.W. and Holbr
Page 75 and 76:
99 King, J., 1997, Reaching for the
Page 77 and 78:
61 Nagata, T., Todoriki, S., Masumi
Page 79 and 80:
63 Woodall, G.S., Stewart, G.R., 19
Page 81 and 82:
Peak area (mAU, x10 6 ) 65 Fig. 3.
Page 83 and 84:
B A 67 Fig. 7. MS spectrum of peak
Page 85 and 86:
7.2. Tables 69 Table 1a. Identified
Page 87 and 88:
71 Table 2. Ratios of the combined
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