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28 Table 5. Flavonoids content and retention times in green and red leaves of P. khinjuk. Flavonoid content is expressed as mg/g fresh weight. The results are expressed as mean±SD Peak no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Peak identity Retention time (min.) Harvest Spring green Spring red Autumn green Autumn N.I. Cyanidin- 3-Oglucoside N.I. Quercetin-3- O-glucoside N.I. Cyanidin 2.65±0.01 7.97±0.19 8.52±0.19 10.33±0.12 11.39±0.06 13.42±0.04 0.49±0.08 4.29±0.36 2.34±0.28 2.30±0.12 1.74±0.06 1.14±0.03 (a*) (b) (c,d) (c) (d) (e) 0.85±0.36 7.38±0.37 4.05±0.23 2.84±0.09 4.00±0.45 2.28±0.15 (A) (B) (C) (D) (C) (E) 0.86±0.18 3.22±0.31 1.74±0.19 1.10±0.05 3.86±0.10 6.88±1.18 (k) (l) (m) (k) (l) (n) 1.29±0.14 4.84±0.35 3.34±0.44 1.13±0.03 5.40±0.46 6.97±2.46 red (K) (L) (M) (K) (L,M) (L) * For each harvest, means bearing the same letter are not significantly different according to ttest (P>0.05); N.I. - not identified; Unidentified peaks, #1, 3 and 5 are expressed as cyanidin-3- O-glucoside equivalents; Peaks #2, 4 and 6 contents are expressed according to their own standard curves The ratios of the combined relative peak areas of the characteristic peaks (#; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) to the total peaks area in green and red leaves extracts were 0.78 ± 0.01 and 0.68 ± 0.03, respectively (Appendix, Table 2). 3.4.3.2. Autumn In green leaves, the content of cyanidin was the highest, 6.88 ± 1.18 mg/gFW, while the lowest contents were those of peaks #1 and quercetin-3-O-glucoside, 0.86 ± 0.18 and 1.10 ± 0.05 mg/gFW, respectively (Table 5). Flavonoid contents of cyanidin-3-O- glucoside and peaks #5 did not differ significantly of each other (P>0.05) and had the second highest flavonoid contents, 3.22 ± 0.31 and 3.86 ± 0.10 mg/gFW, respectively (Table 5). In red leaves, the flavonoid contents of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin and peak #5 were the highest and were not significantly different (P>0.05) of each other (Table 5).
29 The flavonoid contents of peaks #1 and quercetin-3-O-glucoside were the lowest, 1.29 ± 0.14 and 1.13 ± 0.03 mg/gFW, respectively. The ratios of the combined relative peak areas of the characteristic peaks (#; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) to the total peaks area in green and red leaves extracts were 0.59 ± 0.02 and 058 ± 0.02, respectively (Appendix, Table 2). 3.4.4. P. atlantica Chromatograms of flavonoid-enriched green and red leaf extracts of P. atlantica harvested in spring and autumn revealed five and four major peaks, respectively. In spring harvested green and red leaves, cyanidin (that was present in all other species) and quercetin (which was present in P. chinensis) could not be detected (Fig. 6B, Appendix, Tables 1, a,b). In autumn harvested green and red leaves, peaks #5, cyanidin, and quercetin could not be detected (Fig. 6B, Appendix, Tables 1, c,d). 3.4.4.1. Spring In green leaves, highest, and similar, flavonoid contents were detected in peaks #1, 3 and 5 whereas that of quercetin-3-O-glucoside was the lowest, 1.70 ± 0.45 mg/gFW (Table 6). In red leaves, the flavonoid content of peak #5 was the highest, 11.61 ± 2.12 mg/gFW. Lowest flavonoid contents had cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside and peak #3 that were not statistically different of each other (Table 6). The ratios of the combined relative peak areas of the characteristic peaks (#; 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) to the total peaks area were about the same in green and red leaves, 0.55 ± 0.07 and 0.61 ± 0.01, respectively (Appendix, Table 2).
Page 1 and 2: Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
Page 3 and 4: Abstract I Anthocyanins in Pistacia
Page 5 and 6: Acknowledgement III I would like to
Page 7 and 8: V 1.7. Hypothesis and objectives ..
Page 9 and 10: VII 3.6.1.2. Spring and autumn tota
Page 11 and 12: List of Figures IX Fig. 1. Anthocya
Page 13 and 14: Table 10. Chlorophyll and carotenoi
Page 15 and 16: List of Appendix Tables XIII Table
Page 17 and 18: 1. Introduction 1.1. Red coloration
Page 19 and 20: Fig. 1. Anthocyanidin chemical stru
Page 21 and 22: 5 simple phenolics are also potenti
Page 23 and 24: 7 photosystem II (PSII) efficiency
Page 25 and 26: 9 Harborne, 1976). Yet, although mo
Page 27 and 28: 1.5. Leaf senescence 11 Leaf senesc
Page 29 and 30: 1.7. Hypothesis and objectives Hypo
Page 31 and 32: 2.3. Anthocyanin extraction 15 Leaf
Page 33 and 34: 2.6. NMR analysis 17 NMR spectra of
Page 35 and 36: A C E A 19 C D D E F F Fig. 3. Pist
Page 37 and 38: 21 cyanidin corresponds to peak #6
Page 39 and 40: 23 4.20 ± 0.63 mg/gFW, respectivel
Page 41 and 42: 25 Table 4. Flavonoids content and
Page 43: A 27 A B B Fig. 6. Comparison of P.
Page 47 and 48: 3.4.5. P.vera 3.4.5.1. Spring 31 Le
Page 49 and 50: 33 Fig. 8. Comparison of P. lentisc
Page 51 and 52: 55 The ratios of the combined relat
Page 53 and 54: 77 Table 9. Flavonoids content and
Page 55 and 56: 3.6.1.1. Chlorophyll a/b ratio: 39
Page 57 and 58: 41 3.6.2.2. Spring and autumn total
Page 59 and 60: 3.6.4.2.1. Chlorophyll a/b ratio: 3
Page 61 and 62: 4. Discussion 45 The Pistacia germp
Page 63 and 64: 47 red. Most probably this is relat
Page 65 and 66: 49 The amount of a separated compou
Page 67 and 68: 51 apparatus. Also the decrease in
Page 69 and 70: 53 Pistacia species (Table 12), rev
Page 71 and 72: 6. References 55 Alexieva, V., Serg
Page 73 and 74: 77 Feild, T.S., Lee, D.W. and Holbr
Page 75 and 76: 99 King, J., 1997, Reaching for the
Page 77 and 78: 61 Nagata, T., Todoriki, S., Masumi
Page 79 and 80: 63 Woodall, G.S., Stewart, G.R., 19
Page 81 and 82: Peak area (mAU, x10 6 ) 65 Fig. 3.
Page 83 and 84: B A 67 Fig. 7. MS spectrum of peak
Page 85 and 86: 7.2. Tables 69 Table 1a. Identified
Page 87 and 88: 71 Table 2. Ratios of the combined

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