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the loss of protein (Tavares and Kende, 1970; Lamattina et al., 1987; Kraus et al., 1993). Total genomic DNA amount was decreased by 83 % in final control samples which were senesced for 10 th days compared to initial control samples (Figure 8). Whereas, total DNA content increased by the treatment with mT compared to final control samples; 0,25, 0,50 and 1,0 mM mT applications decreased the total genomic DNA amounts by 43, 52 and 41 % respectively. All data showed that mT treatments prevented the DNA degradation during the senescence, but there was no significant differences depending on concentration of mT (Figure 8). Electrophoretic patterns of DNA showed that there was no detectable amount of DNA in final control samples (Figure 8). However, the level of DNA in 1 mM mT treated leaves was almost the same as in initial control. These results also showed that mT retarded the senescence by inhibiting DNA destruction in excised wheat leaves. In conclusion natural aromatic cytokinin mT is very active in the retardation of senescence of excised wheat leaves. The results of this research are exhibited mT as a promising plant growth regulator in physiological studies. Acknowledgement We thank to Dr. M. Strnad and his colleaques for the generous gift of aromatic cytokinins. This study was supported by ‹stanbul University Resarch Fund (Project number: B-429/13042000). References Anderson JW and Rowan KS. Activity of peptidase in tobacco leaf tissue in relation to senescence. Biochem Jour. 97: 741-746, 1965. Arnon DI. Copper enzymes in chloroplasts, polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiol. 24: 1-15, 1949. Bradford MA. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the princible of protein - dye binding. Anal Biochem. 72: 248-254, 1976. Chen SH and Kao CH. Localised effect of polyamines on chlorophyll loss. Plant Cell Physiol. 24: 1463-1467, 1991. Drivdahl RH and Thimann KV. The proteases of senescing Senescence and meta-topolin 107 oat leaves. I. Purification and general properties. Plant Physiol. 59: 1059-1063, 1977. Durmufl N and Kad›o¤lu A. Effect of benzyladenine on peroxidase activity during senescence of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cotyledons. Phyton. 37: 253- 261, 1998. Gilbert ML, Thompson JE and Dumbroff EB. Delayed cotyledon senescence following treatment with cytokinin; an effect the level of membranes. Can Jour of Bot. 58: 1797-1803, 1980. Gut H, Rutz C, Matile P and Thomas H. Leaf senescence in a non-yellowing mutant of Festuca pratensis: Degradation of carotenoids. Physiol Plant. 70: 659-663, 1987. Jenkins GI, Baker NR and Woolhouse HVW. Changes in chlorophyll content and organisation during senescence of primary leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. in relation to photosynthetic electron transport. Jour of Exp Bot. 32: 1009-1020, 1981. Jordi W, Dekhuijzen HM, Stoopen GM and Overbeek JHM. Role of other plant organs in gibberellic acid-induced delay of leaf senescence in alstroemeria cut flowers. Physiol Plant. 87: 426-432, 1993. Kaur-Sawhney R, Shih LM, Cegielska T and Galston AW. Inhibition of protease activity by polyamines. Relevance for control of leaf senescence. FEBS Letters. 145: 345-349, 1982. Kraus TE, Hofstra G and Fletcher RA. Regulation of senescence by benzylaminopurine and uniconazole in intact and excised soybean cotyledons. Plant Physiol and Biochem. 31: 827-834, 1993. Lamattina L, Anchoverri V, Conde RD and Lezica RP. Quantification of the kinetin effect on protein synthesis and degradation in senescing wheat leaves. Plant Physiol. 497-499, 1987. Martin C and Thimann KV. The role of protein synthesise in the senescence of leaves. I. The formation of protease. Plant Physiol. 49: 64-71, 1972. Naito K, Tsuji H and Hatakkeeyama I. Effect of benzyladenine on DNA, RNA, protein and chlorophyll contents in intact bean leaves: Differential responses to benzyladenine according to leaf age. Physiol Plant. 43: 367-371, 1978. Nooden LD and Leopold AC. Senescence and Aging in Plants. Academic Press, New York. 1988. Richmond AE and Lang A. Effect of kinetin on protein content and survival of detached Xanthium leaves. Science. 125: 650-651. 1957. Stoddart JL and Thomas H Leaf senescence. In: Nucleic Acids and Proteins. Boulter D and Parthier B (Eds). Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, New Series, Springer Verlag. 592-636, 1982. Strnad M, Hanus J, Vanek T, Kaminek M, Ballantine JA, Fussell B and Hanke DE. Meta-topolin, a highly active aromatic cytokinin from poplar leaves (Populus x
108 Narçin Palavan-Ünsal et al. canadensis Moench., cv. Robusta). Phytochem. 45: 213-218, 1997. Tavares J and Kende H. The effect of 6-benzylaminopurine on protein metabolism in senescing corn leaves. Phytochem. 9: 1763-1770, 1970. Thayer SS, Choe HT, Tang A and Huffaker RC. Protein turnover during senescence. In: Plant senescence: Its Biochemistry and Physiology. Thomson WW, Nothnagel EA and Hufaker RC (Eds). The American Society of Plant Physiologists. 71-80, 1987. Thimann KV. Senescence in Plants. Thimann KV (Ed). CRC Press, Boca Raton FL. 85-115, 1980. Thomas H and Stoddart JL. Leaf senescence. Annual Review of Plant Physiol. 31: 83-111, 1980. Walbot V. Preparation of DNA from single rice seedlings. Rice Genetics Newsletter. 5: 149-151, 1988. Wollgiehn R. Nucleic acid and protein metabolism of excised leaves. Symposium of Soc of Exp Biol. 21: 231-246, 1967. Young AJ, Wellings R and Britton, G. The fate of chloroplast pigments during senescence of primary leaves of Hordeum vulgare and Avena sativum. J Plant Physiol. 137: 701-705, 1991.
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STANBUL 1998 VOLUME 1 • NO. 2 •
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Journal of Cell and Molecular Biolo
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46 Gülriz Bayçu Cd Contamination
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48 Gülriz Bayçu Figure 2: Optimiz
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Page 11 and 12: 52 Gülriz Bayçu plants and fungi
Page 13 and 14: 54 Gülriz Bayçu References Abraha
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Page 21 and 22: Figure 3: Several sources of PAs ar
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Page 31 and 32: 74 Seyhan Altun et al. Altun (1996)
Page 33 and 34: 76 Seyhan Altun et al. increased a
Page 35 and 36: 78 Seyhan Altun et al. PH ratio and
Page 39 and 40: epirubicin + tamoxifen were added t
Page 41 and 42: Murphy B and Muss HB. Hormonal ther
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Page 45 and 46: 90 Gülruh Ulako¤lu According to t
Page 49 and 50: pad3 locus from the Col-pad3 mutant
Page 51 and 52: Table 2: Phenotypic interaction bet
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