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P e r c A r B o n A t e the Eco-friendly Bleach for Growth DR. STEFAN LEININGER The profession of soap boiler, a person who made soaps out of animal fat and ashes to use for cleaning purposes, developed in Central and Southern Europe around the beginning of the 4th century. Back then, doing the laundry was hard work: dirt had to be removed by rubbing or beating the articles. For stubborn stains, the laundress used „grass bleach,“ which involved spreading the damp laundry out on the grass. The chemical interaction between the moisture, sunlight and the chlorophyll in the plants forms active oxygen and ozone, which have an oxidizing and bleaching effect. The discovery of sodium perborate tetrahydrate (NaBO 3*4H 2O) in 1898 and the subsequent development work by Otto Liebknecht at the former Degussa marks the beginning of the development of modern detergents. The company brought the first unblended powdered sodium perborate onto the market as a laundry detergent in 1904. Even considering the predictability of the product’s commercial success, detergent manu- 28 elements32 evonik science newsletter
Markets elements32 evonik science newsletter Grass bleach: when damp laundry is spread out on grass, the moisture, sunlight and chlorophyll create active oxygen and ozone, which have an oxidizing and bleaching effect c o A t i n G & B o n D i n G t e c H n o l o G i e S energy crises and resource depletion, consumer habits and environmental protection drive researchers and developers to ever greater achievements and improved products, and the detergents market is no different. the trendsetter is a granulated percarbonate from evonik with especially high stability. Because of its ecotoxicolo gical superiority, percarbonate has already largely replaced expensive perborate as the bleaching component in detergents on the european market. it has thus secured the market leadership of detergent manufacturers in europe and is also paving the way for a secure and successful entry into the growth markets. facturer Henkel rocketed to prominence quite suddenly. Henkel launched the first “self-acting” laundry detergent under the trade name Persil® on June 6, 1907, thereby rendering grass bleach obsolete. In addition to 15 percent perborate by weight as its main ingredient, Persil® also contained 85 percent silicate-based bleaching soda by Henkel. Laundry boiled just once in Persil® became clean and hygienic without the need for rubbing or a separate bleaching step. Whereas, in the early years, sodium perbo rate tetrahydrate was produced by reacting electrochemically generated sodium peroxide with boric acid, a direct electrolysis process based on aqueous borate solution developed at the Rheinfelden works supplied the rising demand beginning in 1920. With the increased availability of hydrogen peroxide—produced in Weißenstein (Austria) from 1910, and electrochemically via peroxodisulphuric acid at Rheinfelden beginning in 1928—production gradually shifted to the process of reacting sodium metaborate with hydrogen peroxide, which is used to this day. >>> 29
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