"Development of microbial treatment of ret liquor generated in a coir ...

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and air and mercaptan like smell pervade the yards and nearby areas. This is reported to have devastating effect on the flora and fauna. Most of the retting areas are concentrated in the back waters of Trivandrum, Quilon, Alleppey, Ernakulam, Trichur and Kozhikode districts which include nearly 30,000 retters. Majority of the retting areas are located in the Alleppey district assuming 45% of the total. The number of units in Kerala engaged in retting is estimated to be 69456(Anon, 1985) and in the state about 233.91akhs ofcoconut husks are retted annually. Chemically, coir is composed of cellulose, cellulosan, lignin, pectin and hemicellulose, the percentage of which vary very much depending upon the age of the nut, from which the coir is derived. The biological retting of coconut husk is not one of pectin decomposition as in the case of flax or jute, but of disintegration of a phenolic cement binding fibre with refuse. Traditional coir retting is practiced by soaking the husk in saline waters or the husk are steeped in pits dug out with in the reach of tidal action. Retting is also carried out in canals which have influence of water from river and free connection to the sea. In such areas pits of four or five meters deep are dug out and the husk are dumped and covered with mud. In estuaries where there is tidal influence, husks are bundled together called 2
'mallis' and dumped in water. Rocky shores are also under use for retting where the cavities of rocks or space between adjacent rocks or on the seashore are used. Another method practiced is by arranging the husk in coir rets in to bundles and floating them freely in the backwaters until they get soaked, becomes heavy and gradually sink to the bottom. Often the bundles are weighed down by piling on their top with mud collected from the bottom ofthe retting yard. Unlike other plant fibres, which get released with in a few days of retting coir fibre takes a long time to get separated from pith, the binding material; the retting time varying from 4-12 months depending on the area and the variety ofyams required to be produced. Properly retted husk are removed from rets, washed free of adhering slime, mud and sand and exocarp is then easily peeled of with hand. The husks are beaten there after on granite stones with wooden mallets in order to separate the fibres from cork and pith. A further cleaning by hand, rewashing in water and light beating again are also restored with a view of getting rid ofthe pith adhering to the fibres. The fibres are then spread out in the sun to dry ( Fowler and Marsden, 1925). It is generally agreed upon that stagnant water is unsuitable and that a periodical change is necessary which takes place during the rise and fall of 3
Page 1 and 2: DEVELOPMENT OF MICROBIAL TREATMENT
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I sincerely dedica
Page 7: I also thank all my colleagues Mr.T
Page 10 and 11: 2.3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 37 2.3
Page 12: CHAPTER -1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Page 17 and 18: activity has been attributed to bac
Page 19 and 20: habitat, for oysters, clams and mus
Page 22 and 23: along with the once generated by th
Page 24 and 25: CHAPTER-2 DEVELOPMENT OF MICROBIAL
Page 26 and 27: incubated over magnetic stirrer and
Page 28 and 29: 2.2.2. Isolation of heterotrophic b
Page 31 and 32: The above medium was aseptically di
Page 33: polyphenol content in each flask wa
Page 36: output in each case. A culture was
Page 39 and 40: The plates were then flooded with G
Page 41 and 42: The medium was autoclaved at 10lbs
Page 43: 2.2.8.d. Isolation of organisms Two
Page 46 and 47: after adjusting pH t07.5±O.2 and a
Page 48 and 49: 2.2.9.b. Isolation and segregation
Page 51 and 52: energy sources and their percentage
Page 54 and 55: In a similar manner from 7 samples
Page 56: media were segregated. These proced
Page 59 and 60: Table 2.1. Monitoring an enrichment
Page 62 and 63: Table 2.5 Enrichment, isolation, pr
Page 64:
Table 2.6. Secondary screening of t
Page 68 and 69:
Table 2.9. Enrichment, isolation, p
Page 70 and 71:
Table 2.11. Enrichment, isolation,
Page 72 and 73:
Table 2.13. Bacterial Cultures fina
Page 76 and 77:
CHAPTER 3 DEVELOPMENT OF ACTIVATED
Page 78 and 79:
Once in 24 hours the pH was adjuste
Page 80:
a hot plate and kept boiling gently
Page 84 and 85:
3.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION For the
Page 87:
On comparing the oxygen consumption
Page 90:
ultimately implemented by individua
Page 98 and 99:
CHAPTER-4 PACKED BED REACTOR
Page 100 and 101:
point 36 cm from the base an inlet
Page 102 and 103:
4.2.3. Inoculating the packed bed w
Page 104 and 105:
the process repeated without any ad
Page 106 and 107:
adsorption of cel1 on to the shel1
Page 108 and 109:
order to persist in this environmen
Page 111 and 112:
FigA.2 100 90 80 70 c 0 ..... a. E
Page 113 and 114:
c: 0 100 90 80 70 .... a- 60 E ::>
Page 118 and 119:
• In a similar manner from the ab
Page 120 and 121:
• There existed a positive correl
Page 122 and 123:
• This type of circulation takes
Page 124:
LEGEND 1. Magnetic coupled pump 2.
Page 127 and 128:
REFERENCES Adamson , A.W. 1982. phy
Page 129 and 130:
Buchnan, R.E., and N.E Gibbons. 197
Page 131 and 132:
Fowler G.J., and Marsden F.J. 1925,
Page 133 and 134:
Marshall,K.C. 1985. Bacterial adhes
Page 135 and 136:
Pike, E.B., and C.R.Curds, 1971. Th
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