The Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of Science - The Department ...

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A Brief Historical Introduction to the Philosophy of Science have continued to elucidate and elaborate the unclarities and confusions in the special sciences. Of course, there is much left to do. There are always more puzzles than people, more problems than solutions. The twentieth century saw many changes in what are taken to be the important puzzles and problems, but even more importantly, these same years have seen changes in how people need to be trained to approach problems and in what solutions to problems must look like. Maybe this past century has only taught us that there are no simple answers to truly complex questions. Yet, with this realization comes the awareness that there must be pragmatic answers provided in a timely and efficacious manner. Decisions must be made, and, hopefully, philosophy of science can help us to see how they may be made in better ways. Note * Thanks to Adolph Grünbaum, Noretta Koertge, David Lindberg, Nick Maxwell, Wesley Salmon and John Worrall for information regarding the history of philosophy of science and founding of institutions and departments. Many thanks to Merrilee Salmon, Paolo Parrini, Ted McGuire and Aristides Baltas for their help and comments on an earlier draft of this essay. An even earlier draft was given as a lecture at The Catholic University of America, and I thank those present who gave me good feedback, especially Bill Wallace. Appendix: Selected Relevant Philosophical and Scientific Publications (1895–1969), their dates, and a few events 1895 Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud, Studies in Hysteria 1897 Leon Brunschvig, La Modalité du Judgment 1899 David Hilbert, Die Grundlagen der Geometrie Max Plank derives black body law Sigmund Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams 1901 Ernst Mach, Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung, 4th edn. 1902 Lorentz proves Maxwell’s equations were invariant under transformations Henri Poincaré, La Science et l’Hypothèse 1903 Bertrand Russell, Principles of Mathematics 1905 Ernst Mach, Erkenntnis und Irrtum, Bertrand Russell, “On Denoting” Mind Albert Einstein, “Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Koeper” Annalen der Physik 13
Peter Machamer General strike and revolution in Russia Sigmund Freud, “Three essays on the Theory of Sexuality” 1906 Pierre Duhem, La Theorie Physique. Son Objet. Sa Structure Albert Einstein and Paul Ehrenfest, hv indivisible unit of energy 1907 Hans Hahn, Otto Neurath and Philipp Frank in Vienna 1908 Ernst Zermelo, “Untersuchungen uber die Grundlagen der Mengenlehre I” Mathematische Annalen Emile Meyerson, Identite et Realite 1910–13 Russell and A. N. Whitehead, Principia Mathematica 1911 Arthur Sommerfeld introduces phase-integral form of quantum law Einstein, “Uber den Einfluss der Schwerkraft auf die Ausbreitung des Lichtes” Annalen der Physik Solvay Congress, Brussels 1913 Edmund Husserl, Ideen zu Einer reinen Phanomenologie und Phanomenologischen Philosophie, vol. 1 J. B. Watson, “Psychology as the Behaviorist sees it” Psych. Rev. Niels Bohr, publishes on the atom (Phil. Mag.) 1914 Russell, Our Knowledge of the External World as a Field for Scientific Method in Philosophy WWI (till 1918): Franz Ferdinand assassinated Easter Rising in Ireland Russian Revolution 1915 Sommerfeld explains fine structure of spectral lines Max Plank estimates value for h (Phys. Rev.) 1916 Einstein “Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitatstheorie” Annalen der Physik 1917 Robert Millikan, The Electron 1918–19 Bertrand Russell, “Philosophy of Logical Atomism”, Monist Moritz Schlick, Allgemeine Erkenntnislehre Arthur Eddington observes eclipse confirming general relativity Niels Bohr’s “Principle of Correspondence” 1920 N. R. Campbell, Physics, the Elements 1921 Ludwig Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus [Logische- Philosophische Abhandlung] English version 1922 J. M. Keynes, A Treatise on Probability 1922 Moritz Schlick to Vienna as professor of inductive sciences Leon Brunschvig, L’Expérience Humaine e la Causalité Physique 1923 David Hilbert, “Die Logische Grundlagen der Mathematik” Math ematische Annalen Helene Metzger. Les Doctrines Chimiques Début du XVIIème à la Fin du XVIIIème Siècle 1925 Erwin Schrödinger develops wave mechanics 1926 Rudolf Carnap to Vienna as instructor in philosophy Niels Bohr shows equivalence of matrix and wave mechanics 14
Page 1 and 2: The Blackwell Guide to the Philosop
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Page 5 and 6: Contents Notes on Contributors vii
Page 7 and 8: Notes on Contributors Daniela M. Ba
Page 9 and 10: Notes on Contributors Peter Machame
Page 11 and 12: Preface of science and again about
Page 13 and 14: Peter Machamer until the present da
Page 15 and 16: So, formally, what was needed was a
Page 17 and 18: Peter Machamer work out and change
Page 19 and 20: Peter Machamer general, trans-parad
Page 21 and 22: Peter Machamer or general relativit
Page 23: Peter Machamer actually know some o
Page 27 and 28: Peter Machamer 1940 Journal of Unif
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 2 Philosophy of Science: Cl
Page 31 and 32: John Worrall the view): the “revo
Page 33 and 34: John Worrall Confirmation - the att
Page 35 and 36: John Worrall Confirmation - the Bay
Page 37 and 38: John Worrall Virtues like these, co
Page 39 and 40: John Worrall Creationism (C) - say
Page 41 and 42: John Worrall Then, of course, as pa
Page 43 and 44: John Worrall and about the vibratio
Page 45 and 46: John Worrall A different view - a v
Page 47 and 48: John Worrall Lakatos, I. (1970):
Page 49 and 50: Jim Woodward account are complex, b
Page 51 and 52: Jim Woodward a DN explanation answe
Page 53 and 54: Jim Woodward plete: the occurrence
Page 55 and 56: Jim Woodward The Causal Mechanical
Page 57 and 58: Jim Woodward appeals to the general
Page 59 and 60: Jim Woodward use of a single origin
Page 61 and 62: Jim Woodward of the limitations of
Page 63 and 64: Jim Woodward a relatively sharp dis
Page 65 and 66: Jim Woodward Hitchcock, C. (2001):
Page 67 and 68: Logical and extralogical vocabulary
Page 69 and 70: Carl F. Craver world - a picture in
Page 71 and 72: Hairpin turn Na+ 3. Hairpins bend i
Page 73 and 74: Carl F. Craver Theories and laws A
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Carl F. Craver that the required ph
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Carl F. Craver to take on the allow
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Carl F. Craver provides important r
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Carl F. Craver tion that the lower-
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Carl F. Craver attention to salient
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Carl F. Craver 3 Classic statements
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Carl F. Craver Bechtel, W. and Rich
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Carl F. Craver Nagel, E. (1961): Th
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Chapter 5 Reduction, Emergence and
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Michael Silberstein The Varieties o
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Michael Silberstein Nomological sup
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Michael Silberstein statistical mec
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Michael Silberstein Semantic/model-
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Ontological relations are objective
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Michael Silberstein epistemological
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Michael Silberstein Focus on actual
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statistical mechanics. As of yet, f
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Michael Silberstein as the quantum
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Michael Silberstein limited to the
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Michael Silberstein Humphreys sugge
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Michael Silberstein property with a
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Michael Silberstein Healey, R. A. (
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Chapter 6 Models, Metaphors and Ana
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Daniela M. Bailer-Jones Bailer-Jone
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Daniela M. Bailer-Jones this “[a]
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Daniela M. Bailer-Jones importance
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Daniela M. Bailer-Jones excited sta
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Daniela M. Bailer-Jones the science
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Daniela M. Bailer-Jones Coping with
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Daniela M. Bailer-Jones and elsewhe
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Daniela M. Bailer-Jones The relatio
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Daniela M. Bailer-Jones Bradie, M.
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Chapter 7 Experiment and Observatio
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James Bogen nected causally or only
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James Bogen Whewell (1991) and Duhe
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James Bogen with air pressure oscil
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James Bogen chosen for them, I’ll
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James Bogen 1987, pp. 180-97). Gali
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James Bogen cal significance of Mil
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on the treatment of a low-level pro
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James Bogen tory system. fMRI calcu
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James Bogen Dear, P. (1995): Discip
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James Bogen Stuewer, R. H. (1985):
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Alan Hájek and Ned Hall The streng
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Alan Hájek and Ned Hall Billy.) Ra
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Alan Hájek and Ned Hall abilistic
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with colored balls; let the languag
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PX ( Y) PXY ( )= PY ( ) provided P(
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Alan Hájek and Ned Hall the only t
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The Subjectivist Interpretation: Or
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Unorthodox Bayesianism Each of B1-B
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Alan Hájek and Ned Hall Non-Kolmog
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Alan Hájek and Ned Hall for a trea
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Alan Hájek and Ned Hall Statistics
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Alan Hájek and Ned Hall Schervish,
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Craig Callender and Carl Hoefer His
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Outside the Hole: h* = Identity, no
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Craig Callender and Carl Hoefer If
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Craig Callender and Carl Hoefer Of
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Craig Callender and Carl Hoefer the
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Craig Callender and Carl Hoefer In
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Craig Callender and Carl Hoefer its
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Craig Callender and Carl Hoefer i.e
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Craig Callender and Carl Hoefer is
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Figure 9.3 Our past light cone Figu
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Craig Callender and Carl Hoefer gen
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Craig Callender and Carl Hoefer But
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Craig Callender and Carl Hoefer Tel
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Laura Ruetsche ing to it. In quantu
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Laura Ruetsche Measuring sˆ x on s
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For the purposes of probing localit
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By the Spectrum rule [Î] = 1 and [
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1989). What’s more, the assumptio
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The revisions that require the leas
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Laura Ruetsche 1 i x ,..., x N x˙
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the apparatus system after measurem
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Laura Ruetsche But the terms of rec
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observables in {A(O)}. If it were a
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Laura Ruetsche particle notions. Ev
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Laura Ruetsche intrinsic angular mo
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Laura Ruetsche Bohr, N. (1935): “
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Laura Ruetsche Rovelli, C. (1997):
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Roberta L. Millstein the lenses of
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Roberta L. Millstein Second, if ran
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Roberta L. Millstein conception of
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Roberta L. Millstein tionary psycho
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Roberta L. Millstein viduals. This
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Roberta L. Millstein Recently, the
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Roberta L. Millstein described the
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Roberta L. Millstein However, this
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Roberta L. Millstein heart, and yet
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Roberta L. Millstein Pittsburgh-Kon
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Roberta L. Millstein Harding, S. (1
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Roberta L. Millstein of Fitness,”
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Chapter 12 Molecular and Developmen
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Paul Griffiths complex plus other r
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Figure 12.1 Canalization of develop
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Paul Griffiths Peter Godfrey-Smith
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Paul Griffiths development in a rad
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Paul Griffiths study of development
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Paul Griffiths of DNA “which segr
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Paul Griffiths empirically integrat
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Paul Griffiths D. Mundici and J. va
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Paul Griffiths Mitchison, J. G. (19
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Chapter 13 Cognitive Science Rick G
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Rick Grush The cognitive revolution
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Rick Grush This trend in cognitive
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Rick Grush ‘girls’. In one of t
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Rick Grush number of incompatible y
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Rick Grush materialism is directed
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Rick Grush will move to as a functi
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Rick Grush foreseeable future, the
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Rick Grush Dretske, F. (1981): Know
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Chapter 14 Social Sciences Harold K
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Harold Kincaid 1 Social systems are
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Harold Kincaid In the 1950s, philos
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Harold Kincaid if social science cl
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Harold Kincaid ideas, and it is hel
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Harold Kincaid There are further on
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Harold Kincaid made simply by sorti
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Harold Kincaid commitment is whethe
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Harold Kincaid Problems to Come Imp
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Harold Kincaid Notes 1 Philosophy o
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Harold Kincaid Kincaid, H. (2001):
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Chapter 15 Feminist Philosophy of S
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Lynn Hankinson Nelson aids, financi
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Lynn Hankinson Nelson By the mid 19
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Lynn Hankinson Nelson work for work
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Lynn Hankinson Nelson feminist and
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Lynn Hankinson Nelson ceptual as we
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Lynn Hankinson Nelson As the forego
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Lynn Hankinson Nelson tinctive phil
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Lynn Hankinson Nelson philosophy of
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Lynn Hankinson Nelson Keller, E. F.
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absolute vs. relative (notions of)
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causation cont’d Humean 40 superl
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emergence 80, 90-3, 99, 102-3 epist
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geometry Euclidean 1, 178, 180 non-
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locality 202-3 Jarrett 204 logical
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Pearl, J. 51 Penrose, Roger 186, 19
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elativity cont’d conventionality
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supervenience cont’d see also ont
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