Cremation, Caste, and Cosmogony in Karmic Traditions.

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Art, Religion & Culture: 184-191. Mapin Publishing. Ahmedabad. Dangol, S. B. 1993. The Pashupatinath. A Multi- dimensional Observation on Shavism, Pashupat Cult and the Pashupatinath. Pilgrims Book House. Kathmandu. Dani, A. H. 1986. The Historic City of Taxila. The Centre for East Asian Cultural Studies. Tokyo. Daniel, S. 1983. The Tool Box Approach of the Tamil. In Keyes, C. F. & Daniel, V. E. (eds.). Karma. An Anthropological Inquiry: 27-62. University of California Press. Berkeley. Daniel, V. E. 1983. Karma Divined in a Ritual Capsule. In Keyes, C. F. & Daniel, V. E. (eds.). Karma. An Anthropological Inquiry: 83-118. University of California Press. Berkeley. Daniel, V. E. 1984. Fluid Signs. University of California Press. Berkeley and Los Angeles. California. Dar, S. R. 1984. Taxila and the Western World. Al- Waqar Publishers. Lahore. Darian, S, G. 1978. The Ganges in Myth and History. The University Press of Hawaii. Honolulu. Das, V. 1990. Structure and Cognition. Aspects of Hindu Caste and Ritual. Oxford University Press. Delhi. Datar, B. N. 1961. Himalayan Pilgrimage. The Publication Division. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Faridabad. India. Datta, B. N. 1936. Vedic Funeral Customs and Indus valley Culture. Man in India Vol. XVI: 221- 307. David-Neel, A. 1931. With Mystics and Magicians in Tibet. John Lane the Bodley Head Ltd. London. Davies, C. 1999. The Fragmentation of the Religious Tradition of the Creation, After-life and Morality: Modernity not Post-Modernity. Journal of Contemporary Religion Vol. 17. No. 3-1999: 339:360. Deep, D. K. 1999. The Nepal Festivals. Ratna Pustak Bhandar. Kathmandu. Deleuze, G. 1997. Postscript on the Societies of Control. In Leach, N. (ed.). Rethinking Architecture. A reader in cultural theory: 309-312. Routledge. London. Derry, L. 2000. Southern Town Plans, Storytelling, and Historical Archaeology. In Young, A. L. (ed.). Archaeology of Southern Urban Landscapes: 14-29. The University of Alabama Press. Tuscaloosa. Dhakal, S. 1999. Shifting cultivation: technology and socio-cultural context. An ethno- archaeological study of the Khoriya practice in the Arun valley of Eastern Nepal. M.phil-thesis. Department of Archaeology, University of Bergen. Bergen. Dhasmana, M. M. 1995. Perception of bhutas in Kedarkhand. In Vatsyayan, K. & Saraswati, B. (eds.). Prakrti – The Integral Vision. Vol. 1. Primal Elements – The Oral Tradition: 39-54. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. 330 New Delhi. Díaz-Andreu, M. 1998. Ethnicity and the Iberians: the archaeological crossroads between perception and the material culture. European Journal of Archaeology Vol. 1, No. 2: 199-218. Dirks, N. B. 1993. The Hollow Crown. Ethnohistory of an Indian kingdom. The University of Michigan Press. Ann Arbor. Dirks, N. B. 2001. Castes of Mind. Colonialism and the making of modern India. Princeton University Press. Princeton. Douglas, M. 1993. Implicit Meanings. Routledge. London. Douglas, M. 1994. Purity and Danger. Routledge. London. D’Souza, V. S. 1969. Measurement of Rigidity – Fluidity Dimension of Social Stratification in Six Indian Villages. Sociological Bulletin Vol. 18(1): 35-49. Dubois, A. J. A. 1953. Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies. Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Oxford. Dumont, L. 1957. For a sociology of India. In Dumont, L. & Pocock, D. (eds.). Contributions to Indian Sociology (No. 1). The Hague. Dumont, L. 1970a. Homo Hierarchicus. The University of Chicago Press. Chicago. Dumont, L. 1970b. The Conception of Kingship in Ancient India. In Religion/Politics and History in India: 62-88. Mouton. Paris. Durkheim, E. 1964[1915]. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. Allen & Unwin. London. Durkheim, E. 1966 [1895]. The Rules of Sociological Method. Free Press. New York. Dushkin, L. 1998. Scheduled Caste Politics. In Mahar, J. (ed.). The Untouchables in Contemporary India: 165-226. Rawat Publications. Jaipur and New Delhi. Dutta, S. S. 1994. Lord Jagadbandhu. Sri Mahanambrata Cultural & Welfare Trust. Calcutta. Eaton, R. 1993. The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier. University of California Press. Berkeley. Eck, D. E. 1983. Banaras – City of Light. Penguin Books. New Delhi. Eidsvik, E. 2002. Dimensjonar ved ei elv: Bagmati River, Kathmandu, Nepal. Hovudoppgåve Institutt for geografi. University of Bergen. Bergen. Eliade, M. 1958. Yoga – Immortality and Freedom. Bollingen Series LVI. Pantheon Books. New York. Eliade, M. 1976. Patanjali and Yoga. Schocken Books. New York. Eliade, M. 1987. The Sacred & The Profane. A Harvest Book Harcourt Brace & Company. San Diego & New York. Eliade, M. 1993. Patterns in Comparative Religion. Sheed and Ward Ltd. London. Elster, J. 1989. The Cement of Society. A Study of Social
Order. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. Engels, F. 1970. Socialism: Utopian and Scientific. Progress Publishers. London. Eriksen, T. H. 1995. Small Places, Large Issues. An Introduction to Social and Cultural Anthropology. Pluto Press. London. Evans-Wentz, W. Y. 1951. Tibet’s Great Yogi Milarepa. Oxford University Press. Oxford. Fagan, B. 2000. The Little Ice Age. How Climate Made History 1300-1800. Basic Books. New York. Faherty, R. L. 1974. Sacrifice. The New Encyclopaedia Britannica. 15 th ed. Macropaedia. Vol. 16. 128- 135. Fahlander, F. 2003. The Materiality of Serial Practice. A Microarchaeology of Burial. Gotarc serie B, no 23. Göteborg. Feldhaus, A. 1995. Water and Womanhood. Religious Meanings of Rivers in Maharashtra. Oxford University Press. Oxford. Fideler, D. 1993. Jesus Christ, Sun of God. Ancient Cosmology and Early Christian Symbolism. Quest Books. London. Filippi, G. G. 1995. On some aspect of Bhutas during birth-death passages. In Vatsyayan, K. & Saraswati, B. (eds.). Prakrti – The Integral Vision. Vol. 5. Man in Nature: 117-122. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. New Delhi. Filippi, G. G. 1996. Mrtyu. Concept of Death in Indian Traditions. Reconstructing Indian History & Culture No. 11. D. K. Printworld (P) Ltd. Delhi. Fisher, R. J. 1997. If rain doesn’t come: An Anthropological Study of Drought and Human Ecology in Western Rajasthan. Manohar Publications. New Delhi. Fiske, A. 1998. Scheduled Caste Buddhist Organizations. In Mahar, J. (ed.). The Untouchables in Contemporary India: 113-142. Rawat Publications. Jaipur and New Delhi. Foucault, M. 1997. The Archaeology of Knowledge. Routledge. London. Foucher, A. 1942. La vieille route de l'Inde de Bactres a Taxila. Memoires de la Delegation archeologique francaise en Afghanistan. Paris. Foucher, A. 1972. The Life of Buddha. According to the Ancient Texts and Monuments of India. Greenwood Press. Connecticut. Franks, F. 1972a. Introduction – Water, the Unique Chemica. In Franks, F. (ed.). Water. A Comprehensive Treatise. Volume 1. The Physics and Physical Chemistry of Water: 1-20. Plenum Press. New York. Franks, F. 1972b. Preface. In Franks, F. (ed.). Water. A Comprehensive Treatise. Volume 1. The Physics and Physical Chemistry of Water. Plenum Press. New York. Frazer, J. G. 1974. Myths of the origin of fire. Hacker Art Books. New York. Friedman, J. 1974. Marxism, structuralism and vulgar 331 materialism. Man No. 9:444-469. Fromm, E. 1952. The Forgotten Language. Grove Press. New York. Fuglestvedt, I. 2001. Pionerbosetningens fenomenologi. Sørvest-Norge og Nord-Europa 10200/1000- 9500 BP. Dr.art thesis. Department of Archaeology, University of Bergen. Bergen. Fuller, C. J. 1977. British India or Traditional India? An Anthropological Problem. Ethnos 42-43: 95- 121. Fürst, E. L. 1994. Mat – et annet språk. Pax. Oslo. Gadamer, H. G. 1996. Truth and Method. Sheed & Ward. London. Gadamer, H. G. 1997. The Ontological Foundation of the Occasional and the Decorative. In Leach, N. (ed.). Rethinking Architecture. A reader in cultural theory: 126-138. Routledge. London. Galanter, M. 1998. The Abolition of Disabilities – Untouchability and the Law. In Mahar, J. (ed.). The Untouchables in Contemporary India: 227- 314. Rawat Publications. Jaipur and New Delhi. Gangadharan, N. 1984. Preface. The Agni Purana Part 1. Published in: Ancient Indian Tradition and Mythology. Volume 27. Montilal Banarsidass Publishers. Delhi. Gansum, T. & Oestigaard, T. 1999. En haug med ritualer. Haugar og rikssamlingen. Vestfoldminne 1998/1999: 74-99. Tønsberg. Gardner, K. 1997. Songs at the River’s Edge. Stories from a Bangladeshi Village. Pluto Press. London. Garuda Purana Part I (n.d.). Translated by a boards of scholars and edited by prof. J.L. Shastri.Volume 12 in Ancient Indian Tradition & Mythology. First Edition: Delhi, 1978. Reprinted: Delhi, 1990. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd. Delhi. India. Garuda Purana Part II (n.d.). Translated by a boards of scholars and edited by prof. J.L. Shastri. Volume 13 in Ancient Indian Tradition & Mythology. First Edition: Delhi, 1979. Reprinted: Delhi, 1996. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd. Delhi. India. Garuda Purana Part III (n.d.). Translated by a boards of scholars and edited by prof. J.L. Shastri. Volume 14 in Ancient Indian Tradition & Mythology. First Edition: Delhi, 1980. Reprinted: Delhi, 1996. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd. Delhi. India. Geddes, B. 1999. Comparison in the context of a game theoretic argument. In Bowen, R. & Petersen, R. (eds.). Critical comparison in Politics and Cultures: 196-229. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. Geertz, C. 1973. The Interpretation of Cultures. HarperCollins Publishers. New York. Geertz, C. 1980. Negara. The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali. Princeton University Press. New Jersey. Gellner, D. N. 1993. Monk, Householder and Tantric
Page 3:
Death and Life-Giving Waters Cremat
Page 7 and 8:
Preface Contents List of figures In
Page 9 and 10:
The origin of Pashupatinath and the
Page 11 and 12:
Fig. 5.1 Map of Bangladesh with Far
Page 13 and 14:
In karmic traditions, death and lif
Page 15 and 16:
constructions, it has often been ap
Page 17:
Part 1: Cremating Death - Creating
Page 20 and 21:
ethically conditioned (fig 1.2). Th
Page 22 and 23:
The pervasiveness of karma linking
Page 24 and 25:
Fig. 1.3. Pashupatinath temple and
Page 26 and 27:
Fig. 1.5. Cremation priest lighting
Page 28 and 29:
Fig. 1.7. Ghat management and servi
Page 30 and 31:
theories of castes as an organisati
Page 32 and 33:
Fig. 1.9. The sons collected the as
Page 34 and 35:
highly polluted that the people wou
Page 36 and 37:
24 Fig. 1.12. Durga Prasad Sapkota
Page 38 and 39:
problematic (Levinson 1982:198), es
Page 40 and 41:
(seeds, food). In life a person bec
Page 42 and 43:
Fig. 2.1. Manikarnika Ghat, Varanas
Page 44 and 45:
the dead, (they shall eat) their fo
Page 46 and 47:
Fig. 2.6. The representation of cas
Page 48 and 49:
degrees of purity and pollution. En
Page 50 and 51:
Fig. 2.8. Caste structure according
Page 52 and 53:
Nevertheless, it is preferable to b
Page 54 and 55:
the sacrifier is the sacrifice. Thu
Page 56 and 57:
partly a process by which the gods
Page 59 and 60:
Chapter 3: Meditation upon death an
Page 61 and 62:
Being a part of a religious elite i
Page 63 and 64:
The dangers of social interaction S
Page 65 and 66:
Third party observing and legitimat
Page 67 and 68:
Fig. 3.4. Tyaginath sitting next to
Page 69 and 70:
57 Top: Fig. 3.6. The grave of Nara
Page 71 and 72:
the Mahabrahmans mostly consume the
Page 73 and 74:
Religion and ritual Studies of deat
Page 75 and 76:
purest in common sense is not alway
Page 77 and 78:
Fig. 4.3. Modes of fleshly incarnat
Page 79 and 80:
e reincarnated into regarding spiri
Page 81 and 82:
Fig. 4.5. Hocart’s and Dumont’s
Page 83 and 84:
impure and still treated as a Brahm
Page 85:
Part 2: The Sisters Kali and Ganga
Page 88 and 89:
Ganga Brahmaputra • Faridpur Bay
Page 90 and 91:
Fig. 5.4. Ambikapur Shashan Ghat. F
Page 92 and 93:
Fig. 5.6. Channel from the pyre whe
Page 94 and 95:
The head is always supposed to be d
Page 96 and 97:
Hinduism. She is employed as a care
Page 98 and 99:
Only Hindus are cremated at the cem
Page 100 and 101:
According to Hazera, Badol cremated
Page 102 and 103:
Fig. 6.1. Statue of Jagadbandhu. 90
Page 104 and 105:
Fig. 6.2. Rajani receives the bless
Page 106 and 107:
His disciples are like missionaries
Page 108 and 109:
In the Ashram all the expenses are
Page 110 and 111:
Fig. 6.7. Burial in coffin. 98
Page 112 and 113:
Fig. 6.8. Private Kali temple in Ba
Page 114 and 115:
Fig. 6.9. Jagadbandhu temple in Ban
Page 116 and 117:
The importance of the priest in rit
Page 118 and 119:
the rituals, and they have differen
Page 120 and 121:
108
Page 122 and 123:
Fig. 7.1. The mighty Ganga. Fig. 7.
Page 124 and 125:
Fig. 7.3. Tara. Fig. 7.4. Tripur-Su
Page 126 and 127:
Fig. 7.11. Chinnamasta. 114
Page 128 and 129:
immediate divine access and godly g
Page 130 and 131:
Fig. 7.12. Pot-maker in front by th
Page 132 and 133:
Fig. 7.14. The making of Durga. 120
Page 134 and 135:
This image is the most important pa
Page 136 and 137:
Fig. 7.17. Replacement of Shashan K
Page 138 and 139:
Fig. 7.18. The Baishanti Durga puja
Page 140 and 141:
tradition. The Bhaishanti Durga sta
Page 142 and 143:
enlightenment and achieve liberatio
Page 144 and 145:
132
Page 146 and 147:
cloth. Although the Hindus in Farid
Page 148 and 149:
Fig. 8.1. A combined Kali and Saras
Page 150 and 151:
high-caste and priests as religious
Page 152 and 153:
1979:115-118). As seen in Faridpur
Page 154 and 155:
142
Page 156 and 157:
144
Page 158 and 159:
Fig. 9. 1. Map of Nepal. Kaligandak
Page 160 and 161:
The opposite approach is the histor
Page 162 and 163:
Fig. 9.2. Manang and Gangapurna gla
Page 164 and 165:
Fig. 9.5. Bone grinding. 152
Page 166 and 167:
Only 20-25 years ago air-burials we
Page 168 and 169:
was completed by the end of the 18
Page 170 and 171:
As a cultural construct water is al
Page 172 and 173:
These sacrifices rebuild the deceas
Page 174 and 175:
giving mother. A “spirit” is
Page 176 and 177:
Gorakhnath promised the Nepalese th
Page 178 and 179:
“Shiva, the god of eroticism, is
Page 180 and 181:
Fig. 10. 3. Dagbatti - the lighting
Page 182 and 183:
Fig. 10.4. Sexual engravings at the
Page 184 and 185:
priori”, Jung argues; “The repr
Page 186 and 187:
174
Page 188 and 189:
are there in a quite objective sens
Page 190 and 191:
Purana, “those who recite them wi
Page 192 and 193:
forms of colour, 4) water with the
Page 194 and 195:
Fig. 11.2. The spot where humans we
Page 196 and 197:
Fig. 11.4. Bagmati originating from
Page 198 and 199:
186
Page 200 and 201:
Fig. 12.1. Sadhu fasting for Nepali
Page 202 and 203:
If the river could not cleanse itse
Page 204 and 205:
The trust is not directly involved
Page 206 and 207:
Fig. 12.6. The outlet of treated wa
Page 208 and 209:
As an example, once a complete drun
Page 210 and 211:
Fig. 12.10. Bagmati River with clea
Page 212 and 213:
positive or negative feedback upon
Page 214 and 215:
this process happens slowly and pro
Page 216 and 217:
Fig. 13.1. Decaying corpse at Nire
Page 218 and 219:
achievement of a wanted state or co
Page 220 and 221:
while unmarried girls and boys with
Page 222 and 223:
Logic of sin and pollution Cosmogon
Page 224 and 225:
212
Page 226 and 227:
214
Page 228 and 229:
less “true”, unimportant, or in
Page 230 and 231:
From the present to the past, urban
Page 232 and 233:
Dating traditions - the development
Page 234 and 235:
The Muluki Ain aimed to arrange all
Page 236 and 237:
spiritual fold took them to the upp
Page 238 and 239:
choose one’s own path because onl
Page 240 and 241:
esult of a variety of combinations
Page 242 and 243:
practice, common people are ignoran
Page 244 and 245:
procured for the people. The import
Page 246 and 247:
Fig. 15.1. Gundestrup cauldron with
Page 248 and 249:
236
Page 250 and 251:
took place, at some time in history
Page 252 and 253:
Fig. 16.1. Maneckji Seti Agiary in
Page 254 and 255:
stony desert. The polluted body was
Page 256 and 257:
Fig. 16.3. Zoroastrian ossuary from
Page 258 and 259:
Fig. 16.4. Zarathushtra and fire-te
Page 260 and 261:
Fig. 16.6. Inside a Tower of Silenc
Page 262 and 263:
Fig. 16.7. Zarathushtra. 250
Page 264 and 265:
meaningfully constituted and situat
Page 266 and 267:
creative act in world-history - unl
Page 268 and 269:
Alexander there offered sacrifices
Page 270 and 271:
therefore concentrate on his docume
Page 272 and 273:
Marshall suggested that the height
Page 274 and 275:
Fig. 17.5. Dharmarajika: plan of re
Page 276 and 277:
Fig. 17.6. Buddha from Building L n
Page 278 and 279:
Fig. 17.8. The “smaller” Buddha
Page 280 and 281:
is always explaining, instructing,
Page 282 and 283:
Pakistan Fig. 17.9. Mohenjo-daro an
Page 284 and 285:
Fig. 17.10. The Great Bath. From Ma
Page 286 and 287:
This is problematic for several rea
Page 288 and 289:
As mentioned before, Schutz has mad
Page 290 and 291:
278
Page 292 and 293: of birth and death. The soul is ete
Page 294 and 295: constructions are applied and mater
Page 296 and 297: many possibilities such an approach
Page 298 and 299: follows her husband purifies the th
Page 300 and 301: improper performances of funerals.
Page 302 and 303: 290
Page 304 and 305: 292
Page 306 and 307: kept perpetually ablaze for over a
Page 308 and 309: Gange Farid million people. Muslim
Page 310 and 311: Manosha The patron saint of serpent
Page 312 and 313: Ratnasambhava The third dhyanibuddh
Page 314 and 315: Tirtha Spiritual ford, crossing pla
Page 316 and 317: 304
Page 318 and 319: very nice. The last son (or husband
Page 320 and 321: y putting faces on people who other
Page 322 and 323: Hence, I have a feeling that I am o
Page 324 and 325: Fig. 18.3. Ram Mani Gyawali, author
Page 326 and 327: 314
Page 328 and 329: When it again closes then Shiva bec
Page 330 and 331: or the opposite? Is the Aghori capa
Page 332 and 333: A man, after taking a bath in the P
Page 334 and 335: Vishnu said: Obeisance to you, O de
Page 336 and 337: The linga is pure, auspicious and i
Page 338 and 339: 326
Page 340 and 341: Cambridge. Barth, F. 1990. The Guru
Page 344 and 345: Priest. Cambridge University Press.
Page 346 and 347: Insoll, T. 1999b. Introduction. Res
Page 348 and 349: Lahiri, N. 2000. Archaeology and id
Page 350 and 351: Ahmedabad. Mirza, H. K. 2002. Liter
Page 352 and 353: Gandhi National Centre for the Arts
Page 354 and 355: (eds.). Representing Hinduism: 51-8
show all

Cremation, Caste, and Cosmogony in Karmic Traditions.

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?