Cremation, Caste, and Cosmogony in Karmic Traditions.

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Priest. Cambridge University Press. New Delhi. India. Gellner, D. N. 1999a. Introduction. In Gellner, D. N. & Quigley, D. (eds.). Contested Hierarchies. A Collaborative Ethnography of Caste among the Newars of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: 1- 37. Oxford University Press. Delhi. Gellner, D. N. 1999b. Low Castes in Lalitpur. In Gellner, D. N. & Quigley, D. (eds.). Contested Hierarchies. A Collaborative Ethnography of Caste among the Newars of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: 264-297. Oxford University Press. Delhi. Ghimre, B. & Ghimre, B. 1998. Hindu Death Rites (Antyeshti Samskar). Nepal Lithographic Co. Pvt. Ltd. Kathmandu. Ghosh, B. K. 1952. The Aryan Problem. In The Vedic Age, The History and Culture of the Indian People. Vol. 1. George Allen & Unwin Ltd. London. Ghosha, B. A. P. 1871. Durga Puja: With Notes and Illustrations. Hindu Patriot Press. Varanasi. Giddens, A. 1993. The Constitution of Society. Polity Press. Cambridge. Gilje, N. & Grimen, H. 2001. Samfunnsvitenskapenes forutsetninger. Innføring i samfunnsvitenskapenes vitenskapsfilosofi. Universitetsforlaget. Oslo. Godelier, M. 1988. The mental and the material: thought economy and society. Verso. London. Gold, A. G. 1988. Fruitful Journeys. The Ways of Rajasthani Pilgrims. University of California Press. Berkeley. Goldhahn, J. 1997. Recension: Björnar Olsen’s Fra ting til tekst. Fornvännen 1997 (3/4): 259-63. Gombrich, R. F. 1988. Theravada Buddhism. A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo. Routledge. London. Gombrich, R. & Obeyesekere, G. 1988. Buddhism Transformed. Religious Change in Sri Lanka. Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey. Goodman, N. 1978. Ways of Worldmaking. Hackett Publishing Company. Indianapolis. Goody, J. 1986. The logic of writing and the organization of society. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. Goody, J. 1989. Foreword. In Barth, F. Cosmologies in the making. A generative approach to cultural variation in inner New Guinea: vii-xi. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. Goody, J. 1996. The East in the West. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. Gordon, D. 2002. From Owners of the Land to Colonial Chiefs – Colonialism and the Control of Water Resources in Central Africa: A Case Study of the Mweru-Luapula Lake and River System. In Castelein, S. & Otte (eds.). Conflict and Cooperation Related to International Water Resources: Historical Perspectives. 332 Selected Papers of the IWHA Conference on The Role of Water in History and Development Bergen, Norway, 10-12 August 2001: 75-89. UNESCO. Paris. Gorer, G. 1965. Death, Grief and Mourning. Doubleday. New York. Goudriaan, T. 1979. Introduction, history and philosophy. In Gupta, S., Hoens, D. J. & Goudriaan, T. (eds.). Hindu Tantrism: 3-67. E. J. Brill (Handbuch der Orientalistik). Leiden. Gough, K. 1960. Caste in a Tanjore Village. In Leach, E. (ed.). Aspects of Caste in South India, Ceylon and North-West Pakistan: 11-60. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. Gray, J. N. 1995. The Householder’s World. Oxford University Press. Delhi. India. Grenet, F. 2002. Zoroastrian Themes on Early Medieval Sogdian Ossuaries. In Godrej, P. J. & Mistree, F. P. (eds.). A Zoroastrian Tapestry. Art, Religion & Culture: 90-97. Mapin Publishing. Ahmedabad. Guha, B. S. 1951. Chapter 12. Report on the human remains from the Dharmarajika. In Marshall, J. 1951a. Taxila. Vol. I. Structural Remains: 296- 314. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. Gupta, S. S. 2001. Tirtha. Holy Pilgrim Centres of the Hindus. Satapuri & Chaar Dhaam. Rupa & Co. New Delhi. Gurung, N. J. 1976. An Introduction to the Socio- Economic Structure of Manang District. Kailash – A Journal of Himalayan Studies. Vol. IV, No. 3: 295-308. Gurung, P. 2000. Bungamati - The life world of a Newar Community explored through the natural and social life of water. Occasional papers No. 2. Centre for Development Studies. University of Bergen. Bergen. www.svf.uib.no/sfu/nsw/publications.shtml Guthrie, W. K. C. 1967. The Greek Philosophers from Thales to Aristotles. Methuen & Co Ltd. London. Hagen, H. 2003. Vannsymbolikk, materiell kultur og kaste – et etnoarkeologisk studie blant newarene i Kathmandu-dalen. Upublished. MA. Thesis in archaeology. Department of Archaeology. University of Bergen. Bergen. Hall, E. 1991. Inventing the Barbarian. Greek Self- Definition through Tragedy. Clarendon Press. Oxford. Halliwell, S. 1988. Plato: Republic 10. Aris & Phillips. Wiltshire, England. Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. 1996. Ethography. Routledge. London.. Hargreaves, F. S. A. 1951. Catalogue of Stone Sculptures. In Marshall, J. 1951b. Taxila. Vol. II. Minor Antiquities: 699-728. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. Harris, M. 1964. The Nature of Cultural Things. Random House. New York. Harris, M. 1979. Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for
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Death and Life-Giving Waters Cremat
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Preface Contents List of figures In
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The origin of Pashupatinath and the
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Fig. 5.1 Map of Bangladesh with Far
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In karmic traditions, death and lif
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constructions, it has often been ap
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Part 1: Cremating Death - Creating
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ethically conditioned (fig 1.2). Th
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The pervasiveness of karma linking
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Fig. 1.3. Pashupatinath temple and
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Fig. 1.5. Cremation priest lighting
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Fig. 1.7. Ghat management and servi
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theories of castes as an organisati
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Fig. 1.9. The sons collected the as
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highly polluted that the people wou
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24 Fig. 1.12. Durga Prasad Sapkota
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problematic (Levinson 1982:198), es
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(seeds, food). In life a person bec
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Fig. 2.1. Manikarnika Ghat, Varanas
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the dead, (they shall eat) their fo
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Fig. 2.6. The representation of cas
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degrees of purity and pollution. En
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Fig. 2.8. Caste structure according
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Nevertheless, it is preferable to b
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the sacrifier is the sacrifice. Thu
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partly a process by which the gods
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Chapter 3: Meditation upon death an
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Being a part of a religious elite i
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The dangers of social interaction S
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Third party observing and legitimat
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Fig. 3.4. Tyaginath sitting next to
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57 Top: Fig. 3.6. The grave of Nara
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the Mahabrahmans mostly consume the
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Religion and ritual Studies of deat
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purest in common sense is not alway
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Fig. 4.3. Modes of fleshly incarnat
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e reincarnated into regarding spiri
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Fig. 4.5. Hocart’s and Dumont’s
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impure and still treated as a Brahm
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Part 2: The Sisters Kali and Ganga
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Ganga Brahmaputra • Faridpur Bay
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Fig. 5.4. Ambikapur Shashan Ghat. F
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Fig. 5.6. Channel from the pyre whe
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The head is always supposed to be d
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Hinduism. She is employed as a care
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Only Hindus are cremated at the cem
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According to Hazera, Badol cremated
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Fig. 6.1. Statue of Jagadbandhu. 90
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Fig. 6.2. Rajani receives the bless
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His disciples are like missionaries
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In the Ashram all the expenses are
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Fig. 6.7. Burial in coffin. 98
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Fig. 6.8. Private Kali temple in Ba
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Fig. 6.9. Jagadbandhu temple in Ban
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The importance of the priest in rit
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the rituals, and they have differen
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108
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Fig. 7.1. The mighty Ganga. Fig. 7.
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Fig. 7.3. Tara. Fig. 7.4. Tripur-Su
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Fig. 7.11. Chinnamasta. 114
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immediate divine access and godly g
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Fig. 7.12. Pot-maker in front by th
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Fig. 7.14. The making of Durga. 120
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This image is the most important pa
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Fig. 7.17. Replacement of Shashan K
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Fig. 7.18. The Baishanti Durga puja
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tradition. The Bhaishanti Durga sta
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enlightenment and achieve liberatio
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132
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cloth. Although the Hindus in Farid
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Fig. 8.1. A combined Kali and Saras
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high-caste and priests as religious
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1979:115-118). As seen in Faridpur
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142
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144
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Fig. 9. 1. Map of Nepal. Kaligandak
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The opposite approach is the histor
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Fig. 9.2. Manang and Gangapurna gla
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Fig. 9.5. Bone grinding. 152
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Only 20-25 years ago air-burials we
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was completed by the end of the 18
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As a cultural construct water is al
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These sacrifices rebuild the deceas
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giving mother. A “spirit” is
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Gorakhnath promised the Nepalese th
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“Shiva, the god of eroticism, is
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Fig. 10. 3. Dagbatti - the lighting
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Fig. 10.4. Sexual engravings at the
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priori”, Jung argues; “The repr
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174
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are there in a quite objective sens
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Purana, “those who recite them wi
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forms of colour, 4) water with the
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Fig. 11.2. The spot where humans we
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Fig. 11.4. Bagmati originating from
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186
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Fig. 12.1. Sadhu fasting for Nepali
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If the river could not cleanse itse
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The trust is not directly involved
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Fig. 12.6. The outlet of treated wa
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As an example, once a complete drun
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Fig. 12.10. Bagmati River with clea
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positive or negative feedback upon
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this process happens slowly and pro
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Fig. 13.1. Decaying corpse at Nire
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achievement of a wanted state or co
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while unmarried girls and boys with
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Logic of sin and pollution Cosmogon
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212
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214
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less “true”, unimportant, or in
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From the present to the past, urban
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Dating traditions - the development
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The Muluki Ain aimed to arrange all
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spiritual fold took them to the upp
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choose one’s own path because onl
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esult of a variety of combinations
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practice, common people are ignoran
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procured for the people. The import
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Fig. 15.1. Gundestrup cauldron with
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236
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took place, at some time in history
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Fig. 16.1. Maneckji Seti Agiary in
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stony desert. The polluted body was
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Fig. 16.3. Zoroastrian ossuary from
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Fig. 16.4. Zarathushtra and fire-te
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Fig. 16.6. Inside a Tower of Silenc
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Fig. 16.7. Zarathushtra. 250
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meaningfully constituted and situat
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creative act in world-history - unl
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Alexander there offered sacrifices
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therefore concentrate on his docume
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Marshall suggested that the height
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Fig. 17.5. Dharmarajika: plan of re
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Fig. 17.6. Buddha from Building L n
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Fig. 17.8. The “smaller” Buddha
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is always explaining, instructing,
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Pakistan Fig. 17.9. Mohenjo-daro an
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Fig. 17.10. The Great Bath. From Ma
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This is problematic for several rea
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As mentioned before, Schutz has mad
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278
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of birth and death. The soul is ete
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Page 298 and 299: follows her husband purifies the th
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Page 306 and 307: kept perpetually ablaze for over a
Page 308 and 309: Gange Farid million people. Muslim
Page 310 and 311: Manosha The patron saint of serpent
Page 312 and 313: Ratnasambhava The third dhyanibuddh
Page 314 and 315: Tirtha Spiritual ford, crossing pla
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Page 318 and 319: very nice. The last son (or husband
Page 320 and 321: y putting faces on people who other
Page 322 and 323: Hence, I have a feeling that I am o
Page 324 and 325: Fig. 18.3. Ram Mani Gyawali, author
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Page 328 and 329: When it again closes then Shiva bec
Page 330 and 331: or the opposite? Is the Aghori capa
Page 332 and 333: A man, after taking a bath in the P
Page 334 and 335: Vishnu said: Obeisance to you, O de
Page 336 and 337: The linga is pure, auspicious and i
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Page 340 and 341: Cambridge. Barth, F. 1990. The Guru
Page 342 and 343: Art, Religion & Culture: 184-191. M
Page 346 and 347: Insoll, T. 1999b. Introduction. Res
Page 348 and 349: Lahiri, N. 2000. Archaeology and id
Page 350 and 351: Ahmedabad. Mirza, H. K. 2002. Liter
Page 352 and 353: Gandhi National Centre for the Arts
Page 354 and 355: (eds.). Representing Hinduism: 51-8
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