Cremation, Caste, and Cosmogony in Karmic Traditions.

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Ambikapur Shashan Ghat 77 The Cremation Committee 82 Hazera – A female Muslim Kali devotee as Hindu undertaker 82 Badol Mohanta and Doms 86 Chapter 6: Castes without Brahmans 89 Jagadbandhu 89 Sri Angan Ashram and the disciples 91 Mohantas – The Chosen People 96 Sweepers and untouchables 99 Absence of Brahmans and caste confusions 103 Mutual feeling of responsibility 105 Chapter 7: Water burials of Mother Goddesses 109 A Hell filled with good things! 109 The cosmic battle between Kali and Asuras 111 Kali, Ganga, and Chinnamasta 115 The making of Kali 117 Cemetery of statues – water burials of goddesses 122 Worship of the warrior goddess and cosmic queen 125 Rivers of milk, food, and blood 128 Mothers as life-givers and death-givers 129 Chapter 8: Hindus in a Muslim world 133 Saint Farid and syncretism 133 Akar, sakar, nirakar 134 Kali and Fatima – Shiva and Ali 135 Contextualising the local: “low-caste” perspective 138 Different vehicles in history 140 Part 3: Reality, Materiality, and Spirituality 143 Chapter 9: River and rain – Waters of life and death 145 Water worlds and culture 145 The context – regions and religions 147 Rainmaking death rituals at Tore cemetery in Manang 148 Kaligandaki River Valley and Nire ghat in Baglung 155 Different waters for life and death 156 Chapter 10: The hydrological circle – Cosmos and copulation 161 The process of procreation 161 Creation of life and sexual fluids 162 Food and semen – eroticism and sexuality 164 The hydrological cycle uniting macro- and microcosm 166 Mother’s womb, ghosts, and barrenness 167 Living symbols and life-giving processes 171 Chapter 11: Myths and materiality – Mind in matter 175 Mythology and phallus 175
The origin of Pashupatinath and the Shiva-linga 177 Priesthood and the temple complex 180 Materialised myths – Shiva’s appearance on earth 181 Chapter 12: Shivaratri, sadhus, and sewage 187 Prologue and preparations 187 Shiva’s night along Bagmati River 188 Modification of sacred materiality 189 Catch 22 – an empty river for 7 months a year 190 Shivaratri 2002 and 2003 192 Significance of water 199 Chapter 13: Status and flesh – Conceptualising corpses 201 The problem of corpses 201 The phenomenology of human flesh 202 Cremation and mummification 205 The deceased’s life cycle rituals 206 Logic of sin and pollution 210 Part 4: Archaeology of Water-Worlds 213 Chapter 14: Pashupatinath as living traditions and cultural heritage 215 Archaeology of religions 215 From the present to the past, urban archaeology, and water-worlds 218 Dating traditions – the development of castes and divine kingdom 220 The power of tradition 223 Continuity, change, and tradition 225 Chapter 15: Rebirth and water in ancient Greece and India 227 Rebirth and the elements of micro-and macro cosmos 227 From Plato to Plotinus 229 Greek and Indian cosmologies 230 Eastern influences and Western responses 232 Chapter 16: Exposure, purity, and Zoroastrianism 237 Zoroastrianism – a historical introduction 237 Purity of the life-giving elements 239 Persians and ancient funeral practices 242 Death and the Tower of Silence of the Parsees in Bombay 243 Ecology of death 249 Chapter 17: Religious syncretism at Taxila 253 One question but no answers… 253 Taxila and historical sources 254 Funeral practices 257 The temple of Jandial 257 A religious conglomerate: Knowledge transaction and common values 260 The Great Bath in Mohenjo-daro and construction of cosmogony 269 Excavating the Gordian knot 273
Page 3: Death and Life-Giving Waters Cremat
Page 7: Preface Contents List of figures In
Page 11 and 12: Fig. 5.1 Map of Bangladesh with Far
Page 13 and 14: In karmic traditions, death and lif
Page 15 and 16: constructions, it has often been ap
Page 17: Part 1: Cremating Death - Creating
Page 20 and 21: ethically conditioned (fig 1.2). Th
Page 22 and 23: The pervasiveness of karma linking
Page 24 and 25: Fig. 1.3. Pashupatinath temple and
Page 26 and 27: Fig. 1.5. Cremation priest lighting
Page 28 and 29: Fig. 1.7. Ghat management and servi
Page 30 and 31: theories of castes as an organisati
Page 32 and 33: Fig. 1.9. The sons collected the as
Page 34 and 35: highly polluted that the people wou
Page 36 and 37: 24 Fig. 1.12. Durga Prasad Sapkota
Page 38 and 39: problematic (Levinson 1982:198), es
Page 40 and 41: (seeds, food). In life a person bec
Page 42 and 43: Fig. 2.1. Manikarnika Ghat, Varanas
Page 44 and 45: the dead, (they shall eat) their fo
Page 46 and 47: Fig. 2.6. The representation of cas
Page 48 and 49: degrees of purity and pollution. En
Page 50 and 51: Fig. 2.8. Caste structure according
Page 52 and 53: Nevertheless, it is preferable to b
Page 54 and 55: the sacrifier is the sacrifice. Thu
Page 56 and 57: partly a process by which the gods
Page 59 and 60:
Chapter 3: Meditation upon death an
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Being a part of a religious elite i
Page 63 and 64:
The dangers of social interaction S
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Third party observing and legitimat
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Fig. 3.4. Tyaginath sitting next to
Page 69 and 70:
57 Top: Fig. 3.6. The grave of Nara
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the Mahabrahmans mostly consume the
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Religion and ritual Studies of deat
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purest in common sense is not alway
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Fig. 4.3. Modes of fleshly incarnat
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e reincarnated into regarding spiri
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Fig. 4.5. Hocart’s and Dumont’s
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impure and still treated as a Brahm
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Part 2: The Sisters Kali and Ganga
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Ganga Brahmaputra • Faridpur Bay
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Fig. 5.4. Ambikapur Shashan Ghat. F
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Fig. 5.6. Channel from the pyre whe
Page 94 and 95:
The head is always supposed to be d
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Hinduism. She is employed as a care
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Only Hindus are cremated at the cem
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According to Hazera, Badol cremated
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Fig. 6.1. Statue of Jagadbandhu. 90
Page 104 and 105:
Fig. 6.2. Rajani receives the bless
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His disciples are like missionaries
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In the Ashram all the expenses are
Page 110 and 111:
Fig. 6.7. Burial in coffin. 98
Page 112 and 113:
Fig. 6.8. Private Kali temple in Ba
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Fig. 6.9. Jagadbandhu temple in Ban
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The importance of the priest in rit
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the rituals, and they have differen
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108
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Fig. 7.1. The mighty Ganga. Fig. 7.
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Fig. 7.3. Tara. Fig. 7.4. Tripur-Su
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Fig. 7.11. Chinnamasta. 114
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immediate divine access and godly g
Page 130 and 131:
Fig. 7.12. Pot-maker in front by th
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Fig. 7.14. The making of Durga. 120
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This image is the most important pa
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Fig. 7.17. Replacement of Shashan K
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Fig. 7.18. The Baishanti Durga puja
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tradition. The Bhaishanti Durga sta
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enlightenment and achieve liberatio
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132
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cloth. Although the Hindus in Farid
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Fig. 8.1. A combined Kali and Saras
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high-caste and priests as religious
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1979:115-118). As seen in Faridpur
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142
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144
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Fig. 9. 1. Map of Nepal. Kaligandak
Page 160 and 161:
The opposite approach is the histor
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Fig. 9.2. Manang and Gangapurna gla
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Fig. 9.5. Bone grinding. 152
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Only 20-25 years ago air-burials we
Page 168 and 169:
was completed by the end of the 18
Page 170 and 171:
As a cultural construct water is al
Page 172 and 173:
These sacrifices rebuild the deceas
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giving mother. A “spirit” is
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Gorakhnath promised the Nepalese th
Page 178 and 179:
“Shiva, the god of eroticism, is
Page 180 and 181:
Fig. 10. 3. Dagbatti - the lighting
Page 182 and 183:
Fig. 10.4. Sexual engravings at the
Page 184 and 185:
priori”, Jung argues; “The repr
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174
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are there in a quite objective sens
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Purana, “those who recite them wi
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forms of colour, 4) water with the
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Fig. 11.2. The spot where humans we
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Fig. 11.4. Bagmati originating from
Page 198 and 199:
186
Page 200 and 201:
Fig. 12.1. Sadhu fasting for Nepali
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If the river could not cleanse itse
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The trust is not directly involved
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Fig. 12.6. The outlet of treated wa
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As an example, once a complete drun
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Fig. 12.10. Bagmati River with clea
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positive or negative feedback upon
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this process happens slowly and pro
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Fig. 13.1. Decaying corpse at Nire
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achievement of a wanted state or co
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while unmarried girls and boys with
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Logic of sin and pollution Cosmogon
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212
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214
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less “true”, unimportant, or in
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From the present to the past, urban
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Dating traditions - the development
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The Muluki Ain aimed to arrange all
Page 236 and 237:
spiritual fold took them to the upp
Page 238 and 239:
choose one’s own path because onl
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esult of a variety of combinations
Page 242 and 243:
practice, common people are ignoran
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procured for the people. The import
Page 246 and 247:
Fig. 15.1. Gundestrup cauldron with
Page 248 and 249:
236
Page 250 and 251:
took place, at some time in history
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Fig. 16.1. Maneckji Seti Agiary in
Page 254 and 255:
stony desert. The polluted body was
Page 256 and 257:
Fig. 16.3. Zoroastrian ossuary from
Page 258 and 259:
Fig. 16.4. Zarathushtra and fire-te
Page 260 and 261:
Fig. 16.6. Inside a Tower of Silenc
Page 262 and 263:
Fig. 16.7. Zarathushtra. 250
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meaningfully constituted and situat
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creative act in world-history - unl
Page 268 and 269:
Alexander there offered sacrifices
Page 270 and 271:
therefore concentrate on his docume
Page 272 and 273:
Marshall suggested that the height
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Fig. 17.5. Dharmarajika: plan of re
Page 276 and 277:
Fig. 17.6. Buddha from Building L n
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Fig. 17.8. The “smaller” Buddha
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is always explaining, instructing,
Page 282 and 283:
Pakistan Fig. 17.9. Mohenjo-daro an
Page 284 and 285:
Fig. 17.10. The Great Bath. From Ma
Page 286 and 287:
This is problematic for several rea
Page 288 and 289:
As mentioned before, Schutz has mad
Page 290 and 291:
278
Page 292 and 293:
of birth and death. The soul is ete
Page 294 and 295:
constructions are applied and mater
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many possibilities such an approach
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follows her husband purifies the th
Page 300 and 301:
improper performances of funerals.
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290
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292
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kept perpetually ablaze for over a
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Gange Farid million people. Muslim
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Manosha The patron saint of serpent
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Ratnasambhava The third dhyanibuddh
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Tirtha Spiritual ford, crossing pla
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304
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very nice. The last son (or husband
Page 320 and 321:
y putting faces on people who other
Page 322 and 323:
Hence, I have a feeling that I am o
Page 324 and 325:
Fig. 18.3. Ram Mani Gyawali, author
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314
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When it again closes then Shiva bec
Page 330 and 331:
or the opposite? Is the Aghori capa
Page 332 and 333:
A man, after taking a bath in the P
Page 334 and 335:
Vishnu said: Obeisance to you, O de
Page 336 and 337:
The linga is pure, auspicious and i
Page 338 and 339:
326
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Cambridge. Barth, F. 1990. The Guru
Page 342 and 343:
Art, Religion & Culture: 184-191. M
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Priest. Cambridge University Press.
Page 346 and 347:
Insoll, T. 1999b. Introduction. Res
Page 348 and 349:
Lahiri, N. 2000. Archaeology and id
Page 350 and 351:
Ahmedabad. Mirza, H. K. 2002. Liter
Page 352 and 353:
Gandhi National Centre for the Arts
Page 354 and 355:
(eds.). Representing Hinduism: 51-8
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Cremation, Caste, and Cosmogony in Karmic Traditions.

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