Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 26 ... - Geus

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as afforestation, voluntary agreements with landowners on non-pesticide cultivation, investigations and action plans (Petersen 2011). How does the new Water Sector Law influence these networks and their associated activities? The law sets strict limits on how the water supply companies can use their financial resources. The first few trials have already shown that the Water Sector Law does not provide the framework necessary for continuation of former activities such as afforestation and networking, as the financial platform in terms of a water tax is not in accordance with the law. Both the water supply companies and the local authorities look upon this as a bottleneck in establishing and continuing effective groundwater protection (Petersen 2011). The intension behind the Water Sector Law is to ensure economically efficient company operations and at the same time the law emphasises that the main objective of the companies is to abstract, treat and distribute drinking water (Petersen 2011). On the other hand, a central element is that the water supply companies are allowed – if not obliged – to perform groundwater protective activities if required by the local authorities as part of a public environmental action plan, dictated by the central authorities. As the interviews revealed, the experience and financial capacity of the decentralised water supply companies have played an essential role in the protection of the Danish groundwater over the past decades, and there is considerable concern regarding the future fate of these activities (Petersen 2011). The new regulatory paradigm is by Bakker (2005) described as Market Environmentalism, where market mechanisms are to ensure efficiency, competition and sustainability. Whereas the business aspects are beyond the scope of this paper, the environmental perspective implies a movement towards a capitalisation of the environment to include resource protection in water pricing, as attempted in the UK. From a quantitative perspective, the price can reflect most of the cost related to abstraction and distribution. Qualitative groundwater protection, however, has entrenched complexities. Due to the intertemporal aspect and imperfect, although ever increasing knowledge, the financing of qualitative protection may shift during the coming years as the water supply companies are encouraged to focus more narrowly on initiatives directly related to their resource. Our study shows that combined with the recent structural reforms of the environmental management authorities, the Water Sector Law sets the stage for a shift in a formerly accepted managerial practice. This is mainly seen as a drawback as it reduces the possibilities of the water supply companies to undertake groundwater protective actions that are seen as necessary by the individual companies and leaves them in a role where they are only operators of actions dictated by the municipality. The benefits may, on the other hand, be a better coordinated and integrated water management policy, where the groundwater protection is seen in a more holistic approach that also calls for actions in areas where the water supply companies have not so far been active. However, this calls for a strong incorporated and active integrating governance strategy from the local authorities. Only the future can show how this will come out. References Bakker, K. 2005: Neoliberalizing nature? Market environmentalism in water supply in England and Wales. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 95, 542–565. Jørgensen, L.F. & Stockmarr, J. 2009: Groundwater monitoring in Denmark: characteristics, perspectives and comparison with other countries. Hydrogeology Journal 17, 827–842. Kvale, S. 1997: Interview. En introduktion til det kvalitative forskningsinterview, 318 pp. København: Hans Reitzels Forlag. Miljøministeriet 1999: Lovbekendtgørelsen nr 130 af 26. februar 1999 om vandforsyning mv. Miljøministeriet 2009: Lovbekendtgørelsen nr 469 af 12. juni 2009 om vandsektorens organisering og økonomiske forhold. Pedersen, P.E. 2010a: Vandforsyninger under hårdt pres. Vækst 131(2), 12–13. Pedersen, P.E. 2010b: Et væld af metoder til grundvandsbeskyttelse. Vækst 131(2). Only available online: http://www.hedeselskabet.dk/page.6360. aspx?recordid6360=335 Petersen, J.D. 2011: Dyrebare dråber. Vandforsyningernes rolle i grundvandsbeskyttelse, 86 pp. Unpublished Master thesis, Roskilde Universitet, Danmark. Sørensen, E. & Torfing, J. 2005: Netværksstyring: fra government til governance, 218 pp. Frederiksberg: Roskilde Universitetsforlag. Thorling, L., Hansen, B., Langtofte, C., Brüsch, W., Møller, R.R., Mielby, S. & Højberg, A.L. 2011: Grundvand. Status og udvikling 1989–2010, 139 pp. Særudgivelse. København: De Nationale Geologiske Undersøgelser for Danmark og Grønland. Only available online: http://www. geus.dk/publications/grundvandsovervaagning/1989_2010.htm Authors’ addresses J.D.P., Roskilde University, Department of Technological and Socio-Economic Planning, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. E-mail: dyrby@ruc.dk L.F.J., Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark. 52
Anorthosites in Greenland: a possible raw material for aluminium? Christian Knudsen, Jan Wanvik and Henrik Svahnberg The famous Swiss-born, Norwegian geologist and geochemist Victor Goldschmidt suggested that anorthosite could be used as a source of aluminium replacing bauxite, and acid leaching of the anorthosite was his innovative idea. Anorthosite is a rock type consisting of more than 90% plagioclase which is an acid-soluble, aluminium-rich silicate mineral occurring in basement rocks of both Norway and Greenland (Fig. 1). Experiments conducted in Norway during the century after Goldschmidt’s initial idea showed that it is technically possible to use anorthosite as a raw material in the production of aluminium metal. Goldschmidt mapped parts of the large anorthosite massifs along Sognefjord in the period 1916–1919. During the Second World War, sampling and core drilling were conducted in Norway, and an anorthosite mine was opened by Norsk Hydro where up to 400 men were employed and some 15 000 tonnes of rock were quarried before sabotage ended the work in 1945. There was renewed interest in anorthosite as an alternative raw material for aluminium in Norway in the years 1976–1982, but experiments conducted in this period did not lead to an economically viable concept. Recent developments at the Institute for Energy Technology in Norway have led to the discovery of a more promising process based on nitric acid that can yield additional products such as Precipitated Calcium Carbonate (PCC) for the paper industry, amorphous silica and ammonium nitrate fertiliser. The process can also be used as a sink for CO 2 by taking CO 2 from, for example, a power plant and binding it to PCC. Solubility as a function of mineral chemistry The mineral plagioclase covers a range of compositions from albite (NaAlSi 3 O 8 ) to anorthite (CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 ) and forms a solid solution series. The solubility of plagioclase, and therefore of anorthosite, increases with the calcium content, expressed as the anorthite content or An% in the plagioclase (Fig. 2). The higher solubility of the calcium-rich plagioclase makes it more attractive as a source of aluminium, as does the content of aluminium which increases with the anorthite content (calcium content; Fig. 2). Anorthosite bodies in the inner Sognefjord–Voss area in western Norway have a calcium-rich plagioclase composition (Fig. 2) with an anorthite content of 65–78%. The solubility and aluminium content determine the quality of anorthosite as a raw material for aluminium production. To provide an overview of Akia Nuuk Qaqujârssuaq Neria Tunulik Boye Sø Qaqortorsuaq Innajuattoq Major anorthosite complex Minor anorthosite complex Nagssugtoqidian fold belt Godthåbsfjord Qarliit Nunaat Archaean block Buksefjorden Fiskenæsset Greenland 250 km Volcanic rocks (50–60) Sedimentary basins and intrusions Sediments (23–416) Sediments (416–542) Sediments/metasediments/ volcanics (542–1740) Gardar intrusions (1120–1350) Precambrian crystalline basement Reworked Archaean (1750–2000) Proterozoic (1750–2000) Archaean (2550–3800) Fig. 1. Simplified geological map of Greenland showing anorthosite occurrences. Ages in million years. © 2012 GEUS. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 26, 53–56. Open access: www.geus.dk/publications/bull 53
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Page 7 and 8: Review of Survey activities 2011 Fl
Page 9 and 10: Nano-quartz in North Sea Danian cha
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Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 26 ... - Geus

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