Ecoregional Assessment of Biological Diversity in East Kalimantan

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East Kalimantan Ecoregional Assessment: Chapter 1 – Background & Analysis Process It is the keen hope that this ECA will be widely accepted in East Kalimantan and that its logic and findings will be inculcated into other current and future spatial planning processes in this province and elsewhere in Indonesia. For it is, after all, the resident villagers, landowners, lease holders and agencies who will ultimately determine its success or failure in achieving the goal of conserving the representative biological diversity of this rich province on the island of Borneo. Decision Process for Selection of Landscape Scale In East Kalimantan, ECA is strongly dependent on the identification of repeating landscape scale patches of rather similar ecosystem types, then obtaining representation of these system types in a portfolio of conservation sites ordered spatially to retain functional elements of the overall East Kalimantan landscapes. Forman and Godron (1986), define landscape as a heterogeneous land area composed of a cluster of interacting ecosystems that is repeated in similar form throughout. For biodiversity, particularly wildlife, it could be argued that it is better to define landscapes according to the definition of Dunning et al. (1992), namely an area of land containing a mosaic of habitat patches, often within which a particular "focal" or "target" habitat patch is embedded. Unfortunately, in East Kalimantan there is very poor information available on the distribution of species of plants - endemic or otherwise – and for all animals, distribution information is also sparse. There are broad data on the spatial requirements for conserving viable populations of several mammals - Orangutan, Bornean Gibbon, Proboscis Monkey, Clouded Leopard, Mahakam River Dolphin and Sun Bear - but almost nothing on their specific habitat requirements. The areal requirements data indicate that a viable population of these large mobile species ranges from 150 to 800 square kilometers. This exemplifies the need to accommodate extensive landscape scales in ecoregional planning efforts. The previous two definitions of landscape are not mutually exclusive, and both have utility in this ECA process. This assessment is able to represent some of the ecological patchiness in the East Kalimantan environment, despite the lack of detailed information as to whether the patches that are identified as ecological systems are, or if their subdivisions reflect, distinct animal habitats for certain species. It is recognized that other efforts (WWF, Dasmann, Urdvardy) have attempted to define boundaries for ecoregions in Indonesia – all have informed TNC’s approach to segregating large definable areas based upon similar floristic and ecological function attributes (precipitation patterns, geological components, representative vegetative communities, and faunal species limited to the habitats formed by these factors) for the purpose of conserving representative target species and natural communities. In East Kalimantan, quite a bit of ecological information has been gathered, which albeit primarily for commercial and industrial development purposes, has proven to be invaluable for defining our conservation assessment approach in this report. 5
East Kalimantan Ecoregional Assessment: Chapter 1 – Background & Analysis Process The WWF “ecoregions” for Indonesia as of 2001, when this effort was launched, most closely resembled what in the U.S. would be termed “ecological systems” or large vegetative communities, and thus fall short of the larger spatial planning needs as required in TNC’s Designing a Geography of Hope (Fig. A) (these ecoregion designations have evolved three times since then to encompass larger groupings across broader locations outside of Indonesia – see WWF website on ecoregional descriptions at www.panda.org and most recently Wikramanayake 2002) This ECA integrated all of the 2001 WWF ecological categories into the landscape of East Kalimantan, but also added the “Major Rivers and associated Lakes” ecological system type which was not addressed in the WWF version, though they are dominant processes and community types on the island with species dependant solely upon them. Figure A. The Borneo Ecological Planning Unit – based upon the 2000 WWF Ecoregions of the World. 6
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Ecoregional Assessment of Biological Diversity in East Kalimantan

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