Ecoregional Assessment of Biological Diversity in East Kalimantan

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East Kalimantan Ecoregional Assessment: Chapter 1 – Background & Analysis Process would suffice for the conservation of the wider ranging species, especially for those requiring structural maturity, canopy continuity and diversity for locomotion such as the highly arboreal Gibbon (Oka et al. 2000). Additionally, Davies and Payne (1982) estimated that the area required to conserve the minimum viable population of some of our priority focal species, estimated at 200 individuals, was 800 km 2 for the Clouded Leopard (ultimately not one of our focal species) and Sun Bear; 150-200 km 2 for Orangutan; and 150 to 400 km 2 for Hornbills. Such a patchwork quilt of forest occurrences would not be able to maintain the humid closed-canopy environment for many of the rare and fragile plants or forest dwelling birds. Factors of ambient humidity maintained within contiguous, closed-canopy forest may also play a role in susceptibility to fire spread. Because the frequency distribution of area of the various element occurrences is not normal, most being strongly exponential, areas were categorized into Very Poor, Poor, Good and Very Good using medians and quartiles (Snedecor, 1989). 2). Shape Theory of nature reserve design suggests that the most viable shape for a conservation area to preserve its biological diversity, given that immigration, emigration and threats are multidirectional, is one that maximizes the area of the reserve in relation to its perimeter. A circular shape is the most robust design and provides the greatest buffer to invasion of exotic animals, plants, airborne pollutants, etc. It also provides the smallest boundary to manage and exposes the smallest perimeter to potential sources of wildfire (e.g. passing vehicles, human settlements). To characterize the shape of target occurrences for each of our ecological systems, we used the Shape statistic from FRAGSTATS TM : (version 3.1), which divides perimeter length by square root of area. The values of this Shape statistic were then grouped into quartiles, which formed the basis of four ranking categories: Category IV – Very Good III - Good II - Poor I – Very Poor Description tends to be full bodied or circular in shape more irregular but still a robust shape irregular shaped or long and thin very irregularly shaped, or very long and thin 23
East Kalimantan Ecoregional Assessment: Chapter 1 – Background & Analysis Process 3). Condition Condition of each target ecological system occurrence was assessed based on the following categories: Ranking Very Good Good Poor Very Poor Condition Description Completely or almost completely undisturbed (Figs a & b). Extent of logging not extensive, such that canopy cover > 60%. Logging roads visible or grown over, and not abundant. (Figs. c - g) Extent of logging considerable, but forest could be rehabilitated to a natural condition over a long time frame (200 years) if protected from further major threats. Identified by either i) burnt once, with canopy cover between 30%- 60%; or ii) logged such that canopy cover is 30%- 60% and logging roads are abundant (Figs. h & i). Extent of disturbance great such that it is difficult or impossible to rehabilitate to a natural state within a period of approximately 200 years. Identified by either being i) burnt twice such that canopy cover is less than 20% - many areas have no standing trees; or ii) logged such that canopy cover is less than 30%; or iii) converted to rice fields, oil palm or tree plantations, market gardening, or both dry and wet lands that have been converted but not planted with crops (Figs. j - m). These forest quality categories are illustrated opposite showing examples of different types of disturbances and how they were categorized. This is a modification of a standard methodology applied in assessing damage in East Kalimantan by the Indonesian Department of Forestry and also by the Berau Forest Management Program in East Kalimantan. It is a highly repeatable method. If there were two or more disturbance types within a given target occurrence (patch) these were included in the ranking according to the method detailed in the following section Viability Index of Occurrences. 24
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Ecoregional Assessment of Biological Diversity in East Kalimantan

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