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Congenital malformations - Edocr

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120 PART III CRANIOFACIAL MALFORMATIONS<br />

corresponding higher recurrence risk. The recurrence<br />

risk in cases of choanal atresia with<br />

multiple anomalies depends on the underlying<br />

genetic cause, if any (e.g., chromosome abnormalities,<br />

specific syndromes). Most cases of<br />

CHARGE syndrome (in the absence of other<br />

specifically identified syndrome) are sporadic<br />

or possible new mutations of the CHD7 gene<br />

with a low recurrence risk.<br />

REFERENCES<br />

1. Leclerc JE, Fearon B. Choanal atresia and associated<br />

anomalies. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol.<br />

1987;13:265–72.<br />

2. Harris J, Robert E, Källén B. Epidemiology of<br />

choanal atresia with special reference to the<br />

CHARGE association. Pediatr. 1997;99:363–7.<br />

3. Keller JL, Kacker AZ. Choanal atresia, CHARGE association,<br />

and congenital nasal stenosis. Otolaryngol<br />

Clin North Am. 2000;33:1343–51.<br />

4. Brown OE, Pownell P, Manning SC. Choanal atresia:<br />

A new anatomic classification and clinical management<br />

applications. Laryngoscope. 1996;106:97–101.<br />

5. Taybi H, Lachman R. Radiology of Syndromes,<br />

Metabolic Disorders and Skeletal Dysplasias.<br />

St. Louis, Mosby-Year Book; 1996.<br />

6. Pagon RA, Graham JM, Zonana J, et al. Coloboma,<br />

congenital heart disease and choanal atresia with<br />

multiple anomalies: CHARGE association. J Pediatr.<br />

1981;99:223–7.<br />

7. Graham JM. A recognizable syndrome within<br />

CHARGE association: Hall-Hittner syndrome.<br />

Am J Med Genet. 2001;99:120–3.<br />

8. Verloes A. Updated diagnostic criteria for CHARGE<br />

syndrome: A proposal. Am J Med Genet. 2005;<br />

133A:306–8.<br />

9. Vissers LELM, van Ravenswaaij CMA, Admiraal<br />

R, et al. Mutations in a new member of the chromodomain<br />

gene family cause CHARGE syndrome.<br />

Nat Genet. 2004;36:955–77.<br />

10. Tellier AL, Cormier-Daire V, Abadie V, et al.<br />

CHARGE syndrome: report of 47 cases and review.<br />

Am J Med Genet. 1998;76:402–9.

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