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combination If it sends a message back to the sender, asking it to resend that packet, by the time the reply gets back, it's probably several video frames later. It's too late to use that information. Rather than pausing the entire movie until the request makes a round-trip, it's far less jarring to the audience if the receiver silently discards the mangled packet, fills in as best it can (for example, with nearby pixels' colors), try not to draw attention to the error, and continue on as if nothing had happened. Note: Signal degradation should be documented and easily findable as to let users know that there is no guarantee of exact reproduction. 8.5 combination Even when they have 2-way communication, sometimes people use FEC anyway. That way small amounts of noise can be corrected at the receiver. If a packet is corrupted so badly that FEC cannot fix it, the protocol falls back on ACK-NAK retransmission (or on Pretend It Never Happened). 8.6 further reading w:error detection and correction 5 a detailed description of one ACK-NAK protocol: "XModem / YModem Protocol Reference" by Chuck Forsberg 1988-10-14 http://www.commonsoftinc.com/Babylon_Cpp/ Documentation/Res/yModem.htm a detailed description of one streaming protocol: "The ZMODEM Inter Application File Transfer Protocol" by Chuck Forsberg 1988-10-14 http://www.commonsoftinc.com/Babylon_ Cpp/Documentation/Res/zModem.htm "Data Link Error Detection / Correction Methods" http://techref.massmind.org/ techref/method/errors.htm brief descriptions of several error correction methods: Hamming codes, Fire codes, Reed-Solomon codes, Viterbi decoding, etc. 8.7 further reading • Computer Networks/Error Control, Flow Control, MAC 6 • Data Coding Theory/Transmission Codes 7 • Wikipedia:Automatic repeat-request 8 (ARQ) 5 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/error%20detection%20and%20correction http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Computer%20Networks%2FError%20Control%2C%20Flow% 6 20Control%2C%20MAC 7 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Data%20Coding%20Theory%2FTransmission%20Codes 8 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic%20repeat-request 119
Error Correction Methods • Wikipedia:forward error correction 9 (FEC) • Wikipedia:Radio Link Protocol 10 • On-line CRC calculation and free CRC library 11 • Algorithm Implementation/Checksums 12 Category:Serial Programming 13 9 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/forward%20error%20correction 10 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20Link%20Protocol 11 http://www.lammertbies.nl/comm/info/crc-calculation.html 12 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Algorithm%20Implementation%2FChecksums 13 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category%3ASerial%20Programming 120
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Serial Programming Wikibooks.org
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Contents 1 Introduction and OSI Mod
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1 Introduction and OSI Model 1.1 In
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Software Examples • Serial Networ
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2 RS-232 Connections 2.1 Introducti
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Data Terminal/Communications Equipm
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Data Terminal/Communications Equipm
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Connection Types Figure 1 Female DB
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Connection Types Figure 5 mini-ster
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Wiring Pins Explained One thing to
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Baud Rates Explained 2.4.9 RI (Ring
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Baud Rates Explained 2.5.1 Modems E
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Signal Bits 2.6.3 Parity Bit To hel
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External References Baud Rate Maxim
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3 8250 UART Programming 3.1 Introdu
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8086 I/O ports char test; test = 25
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x86 Processor Interrupts 3.3.2 Inte
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8259 PIC (Programmable Interrupt Co
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Serial COM Port Memory and I/O Allo
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UART Registers UART Registers Base
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UART Registers Divisor Latch Byte V
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UART Registers The Received Data in
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UART Registers When you are writing
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UART Registers these to a logical "
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UART Registers Each bit the data po
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UART Registers Line Status Register
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UART Registers Bits 7 and 6 are dir
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External References Read the value
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4 Serial DOS 4.1 Introduction It is
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Finding the Port I/O Address for th
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Making modifications to UART Regist
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Basic Serial Input 4.5.1 Polling th
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Interrupt Drivers in DOS 4.6 Interr
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Interrupt Drivers in DOS able to us
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Interrupt Drivers in DOS Interrupt
Page 72 and 73: Terminal Program Revisited Port[Com
Page 74 and 75: Terminal Program Revisited RBR = 0;
Page 76: Terminal Program Revisited build a
Page 79 and 80: Serial Linux Classic Unix systems o
Page 81 and 82: Serial Linux 1. Terminals/teletypes
Page 83 and 84: Serial Linux for more information t
Page 85 and 86: Serial Linux signal and trap that s
Page 87 and 88: Serial Linux 5.2.6 uucp Overview Uu
Page 90 and 91: 6 Serial Java 6.1 Using Java for Se
Page 92 and 93: Using Java for Serial Communication
Page 94 and 95: JavaComm API 6.2.2 Download & Insta
Page 96 and 97: JavaComm API wantedPortName); Syste
Page 98 and 99: JavaComm API 6.2.4 Simple Data Tran
Page 100 and 101: JavaComm API Before going into deta
Page 102 and 103: JavaComm API // makes sense to enab
Page 104 and 105: JavaComm API /** * Clear the buffer
Page 106 and 107: JavaComm API } } start = i; } retur
Page 108 and 109: RxTx Like with any other particular
Page 110: See also • SerialIO has a free tr
Page 113 and 114: Forming Data Packets • The footer
Page 115 and 116: Forming Data Packets bitrate or raw
Page 118 and 119: 8 Error Correction Methods 8.1 Intr
Page 120 and 121: ACK-NAK A 1-bit sequence number (al
Page 124 and 125: 9 Appendex A:Modems and AT Commands
Page 126 and 127: Introduction forms the base for pro
Page 128 and 129: Introduction can still also be used
Page 130 and 131: Modem Programming Basics • By loo
Page 132 and 133: Modem Programming Basics Whatever i
Page 134 and 135: Modem Programming Basics 9.2.5 Char
Page 136 and 137: Changing State 9.4 Changing State 9
Page 138 and 139: AT Commands with the exception of #
Page 140 and 141: Result Codes Description: Result
Page 142 and 143: 10 Contributors Edits User 10 Adrig
Page 144 and 145: List of Figures • GFDL: Gnu Free
Page 146: List of Figures 1 GFDL 2 User Mike1
Page 149 and 150: from that copyright holder, and you
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