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8250 UART Programming
3.2 8086 I/O ports
We should go back even further than the Intel 8086, to the original Intel CPU, the 4004, and
its successor, the 8008. All computer instructions, or op-codes, for the 8008 still function in
today's Intel chips, so even port I/O tutorials written 30 years ago are valid today. The
newer CPUs have enhanced instructions for dealing with more data more efficiently, but the
original instructions are still there.
When the 8008 was released, Intel tried to devise a method for the CPU to communicate
with external devices. They chose a method called I/O port architecture, meaning that the
chip has a special set of pins dedicated to communicating with external devices. In the 8008,
this meant that there were a total of sixteen (16) pins dedicated to communicating with the
chip. The exact details varied based on chip design and other factors too detailed for the
current discussion, but the general theory is fairly straightforward.
Eight of the pins represent an I/O code that signaled a specific device. This is known as
the I/O port. Since this is just a binary code, it represents the potential to hook up 256
different devices to the CPU. It gets a little more complicated than that, but still you can
think of it from software like a small-town post-office that has a bank of 256 PO boxes for
its customers.
The next set of pins represent the actual data being exchanged. You can think of this as the
postcards being put into or removed from the PO boxes.
All the external device has to do is look for its I/O code, and then when it matches what it
is "assigned" to look for, it has control over the corresponding port. An pin signals whether
the data is being sent to or from the CPU. For those familiar with setting up early PCs, this
is also where I/O conflicts happen: when two or more devices try to access the same I/O
port at the same time. This was a source of heartburn on those early systems, particularly
when adding new equipment.
Incidentally, this is very similar to how conventional RAM works, and some CPU designs
mimic this whole process straight in RAM, reserving a block of memory for I/O control.
This has some problems, including the fact that it chews up a portion of potential memory
that could be used for software instead. It ends up that with the IBM PC and later PC
systems, both I/O methods are used extensively, so it really gets complicated. For serial
communication, however, we are going to stick with the port I/O method, as that is how
the 8250 chip works.
3.2.1 Software I/O access
When you get down to actually using this in your software, the assembly language instruction
to send or receive data to port 9 looks something like this:
out 9, ah ; sending data from register ah out to port 9
in ah, 9 ; getting data from port 9 and putting it in register ah
When programming in higher level languages, it gets a bit simpler. A typical C language
Port I/O library is usually written like this:
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