Determinants of Emotional Experiences in Traffic Situations ... - OPUS

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116 Emotional States of Drivers and Their Impact on Driving Behaviour! * p< .05; ** p< .01; *** p< .001 Figure 3: Path Models of personal characteristics, reported anger and driving parameters in the second study. 4.3.3 Discussion of the Second Study The aim of the second study was to validate the findings of the first and to test another anger inducing method in a simulated driving environment. The basic results from study one were successfully repeated: High levels of anger, driving motivation and being male led to higher speeds, stronger longitudinal and lateral acceleration and more speeding violations. The elicitation of anger in the driving situation worked better than in study one, in which filmclips were used to induce emotions. The reported anger increased from approximately 1.09 in study one to 1.65 in study two. This might be the reason for the occurrence of more frequent and stronger effects: Lateral acceleration as well as speeding behaviour was influenced significantly by anger levels in the second but not in the first study. This might be an indicator that there is an anger threshold, suggesting the theory that the traffic participant has to experience a certain level of anger well above zero-level before he will perform risky driving behaviours. If the level of anger is the defining factor, the quality of the anger could be neglected for these kinds of analyses and different kinds of anger could lead to similar driving outcomes (Nesbit et al., 2007). The analysis of correlations between personal characteristics and anger revealed that driving motivation and DAS-Scores were related to heightened anger. The first relationship has been stated by researchers such as Philippe and colleagues (2009), who have shown that obsessively passionate
Introducing a Multivariate Model for Predicting Driving Performance 117 drivers are prone to experience stronger anger and as a consequence show more aggressive driving behaviours. Analysing DAS scores indicate that this was not influenced by any other personal characteristic. Furthermore, MANOVA Analysis for moderator effects revealed that the DAS-Score was not a direct predictor of maladaptive driving. Therefore, DAS scores seem to have inferior predictive validity compared to the measures of state emotion, namely the GEW, in traffic situations. 4.4 General Discussion and Conclusion The aim of this paper was to reveal the influence of emotions on driving with regard to other personal characteristics of the driver. Therefore, two studies were conducted with different approaches to eliciting emotion and various traffic events and driving environments. Both studies showed that anger and personal characteristics are two distinct factors influencing longitudinal and lateral driving parameters in specific ways. The first study induced the emotion via short film-clips, which was successful at the beginning of the experiment, but the effect decreased fast during the experiment, leaving both groups with similar emotional levels. Yet participants who felt any anger at all due to the situational characteristics drove faster and accelerated more strongly. Those results were largely repeated in the second study. The emotional inducement was changed, so that the traffic event itself should elicit the anger felt. Therefore a slow car, a construction site, a braking car and a dangerous hole in the street were presented. The emotional intensities were slightly higher than in study one (Study one: M = 1.09 vs. Study two: M = 1.65). Furthermore, in the second study anger is positively influenced by driving motivation. Participants who show a high motivation to drive might be more angered due to the goal blocking nature of the traffic environment. This led to the assumption that the anger elicited in study one might not have been directly related to the traffic environment. This idea is supported by the fact that there was no relationship between the DAS scores and driving anger in study one in contrast to the second study. Therefore, the anger quality of study one could be described as largely independent of the traffic environment, whereas in study two it is much more connected to the driving task at hand. In both studies, though, reported anger levels influenced various driving parameters such as velocity, acceleration and lateral control in a negative way. This leads to the assumption that anger, regardless of how it is elicited is suitable as a predictor of a decline in specific performance parameters. This supports the statement by Nesbit and colleagues (2007), who found in their meta-analysis similar effect sizes between various types of anger and driving behaviour. The main effects of driving motivation and gender were strong in both studies, with participants scoring high on driving motivation showing the same maladaptive behaviour as angered participants. Even when controlled for anger experienced, they drove faster and showed stronger lateral acceleration. This supports the frustration-aggression hypothesis of Dollard et al. (1939) and the assumption that there is a chain reaction starting with the (potentially frustrating) traffic events to the importance of driving to elicited anger to aggressive driving patterns (Stephens & Groeger, 2009; Philippe et al., 2009). But as our research indicates, there is another direct route to maladaptive driving !
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Determinants of Emotional Experienc
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Acknowledgements I would like to th
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Abstract Emotions play a prominent
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2.3.2.2.5 Testing H5 ..............
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List of Tables Chapter 2: The Emoti
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Introduction 11 1. Introduction 1.1
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Introduction 13 (Deffenbacher et al
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Introduction 15 emotions varies vas
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Introduction 17 Therefore, a precis
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Introduction 19 On the behavioural
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Introduction 21 A coherent model of
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Introduction 25 Giegling, I., Hartm
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Introduction 27 Reason, J., Manstea
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Introduction 29 Ulleberg, P., (2001
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The Emotional Spectrum in Traffic S
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