Determinants of Emotional Experiences in Traffic Situations ... - OPUS

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20 Introduction experiences such as happiness, relief, pride, guilt and shame. Two studies were conducted to test the range of emotion and the underlying elicitation mechanisms with different sets of traffic scenarios and methods. The results are presented and discussed in chapter 2. II. What is the specific impact of different emotions in traffic situations? It is common in traffic-related simulator testing to present different scenarios as specific tasks to the participants and then assess their levels of experienced anger or frustration (Matthews et al., 1998; Philippe et al., 2009; Stephens & Groeger, 2009). The driving situations at hand are often constructed to include common features of everyday traffic. These situations can include overtaking a car in front of the participant or just driving on plain, open roads (Matthews et al., 1998). The levels of reported anger are then put into relation with aggressive or risky driving. In line with the preceding onlinestudies, it is important to apply appraisal theory to develop different traffic situations that can elicit various emotions. There could be a greater range of emotions responsible for changes in driving behaviour, and indeed, results from studies such as Fairclough and colleagues (2006), which focussed on anxiety and driving errors, give sound reason to believe so. In light of targeting a broader emotional range, a specific framework based on appraisal theory has to be developed to precisely describe emotions and their causes. Furthermore, different emotions can lead to different driving outcomes, requiring a wide range of driving parameters. The article entitled ‘Emotional States of Drivers and the Impact on Driving Behaviour – A Simulator Study’ (Roidl, Frehse & Höger, under review) focused on these requirements and transferred the appraisal theory of emotion elicitation from the online studies to the simulator. Four scenarios were created according to the appraisal framework to induce different emotions and assess changes in longitudinal and lateral driving parameters. The results are presented in chapter 3. III. Focus on anger: what is the specific impact of inter-individual variables on emotional experiences and behaviour in traffic situations? To date, there is a lack of coherent models in traffic psychology that can integrate personal characteristics, emotion eliciting situations, experienced emotions and driving behaviours (see Figure 1). Specific parts of these models are present in most of the studies within this domain, but the integration of these classes of variables has not been further developed since the work of Matthews and colleagues in 1998. They combined gender, age and motivational tendencies (e.g., aggression and dislike of driving) with driving patterns in several studies incorporating regression analysis. Their results indicated that people at younger ages, males and drivers who were prone to driving aggressively were continuously showing increased speeds, more driving errors and more frequent risktaking. However, they conducted no direct assessment of the anger emotions that might affect the influence of those personal characteristics on driving behaviour (Philippe et al., 2009).
Introduction 21 A coherent model of driving behaviour must take into account the traffic situation, personal variables and induced emotions equally. There is a need for a model that can describe the distinct influences of these variables to explain subsequent driving behaviour more precisely. The article entitled ‘Introducing a Multivariate Model for Predicting Driving Performance: The Role of Driving Anger and Personal Characteristics’ (Roidl, Siebert, Oehl & Höger, under review) investigated the possibilities of establishing such a complete model. In two simulator studies, participants had to complete a track with several critical and emotion-inducing events. Personal characteristics (gender, driving experience, driving motivation and trait anger) as independent variables and experienced anger as a mediator formed the building blocks of the framework of influencing variables. Longitudinal and lateral parameters were recorded and analysed as dependent variables using path analysis. Due to the model’s complexity, analytical focus was directed to the most impactful emotion in traffic: anger. The results are presented in section 4. !
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