Determinants of Emotional Experiences in Traffic Situations ... - OPUS

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78 Emotional States of Drivers and Their Impact on Driving Behaviour! 45% of all traffic fatalities on rural roads and highways in Germany (Destatis, 2012). Additionally, driving parameters such as high velocities and strong acceleration can increase the negative impact of more complex behaviours such as tailgating or risky overtaking (which are also endangering other traffic participants) even more. However, to elicit emotions in a controlled experiment in the laboratory is a difficult task, which requires a thorough design and reliable measures (Mesken, Hagenzieker & Rothengatter, 2005). On the other hand, simulator based studies promise a high standardization of the emotion eliciting events and the precise recording of the relevant risky driving parameters. This provides an acceptable environment for pursuing the goals of the study. 3.2 Method ! 3.2.1 Participants Seventy-nine drivers took part in this study, of which 48 were female and 31 male. The participants’ ages ranged from 18 years to 43 years (M = 23.54; SD = 4.21), with an average of 5.67 years (SD = 4.02) driving experience. They drove on average 7,130 kilometres per year (SD = 8,840) and had a total mileage of 53,000 kilometres (SD = 70,280). Participants were mostly recruited on the university campus. They were compensated for their participation with a small present worth 15 Euro. 3.2.2 Apparatus The study was conducted with the driving simulator StiSim W100 from System Technology Incorporated. A Volkswagen Golf cockpit with original steering wheel and instrument panel was used to control the car. During the simulation drive, the StiSim W100 registers all driving activities like accelerating, braking and lateral position. 3.2.3 Stimulus Material The driving simulation consisted of a 17120m rural route including hills, trees, curves, traffic signs and oncoming traffic. Within these 17 kilometres, four critical events took place, which differed on the aforementioned appraisal factors: goal congruency, goal relevance and other-accountability (Figure 1). To enhance comparability between situations and subjects the situations were highly standardized and actions such as overtaking were impossible due to oncoming traffic. Furthermore, there was no traffic in front of the participant (besides the interacting cars in two situations) to facilitate unobstructed driving.
Emotional States of Drivers and Their Impact on Driving Behaviour 79 Goal Blocking Situations! Goal Promoting Situations! Arrival! Security! 1! 2! Slow car (long distance)! Construction site! (long wating time)! 3! 4! Braking Car! Obstacle (on the (dangerous street)! braking)! 1! 2! Slow car (short distance)! Construction site! (no waiting time)! 3! 4! Braking Car! Obstacle (next (no dangerous to the street)! braking)! Within- Subject! Person! Situation! Person! Situation! Beween-Subject! Figure 1: Mapping of the situations on appraisal theory factors 3.2.4 Design The experimental design consisted of the three independent situational factors, which influenced how the participants appraised the situation. The experiment was a 2x2x2 mixed-design, consisting of eight different traffic scenarios: the 2x2 within-subject factors were goal relevance (arrival vs. safety) and other-accountability (personal blame vs. situational blame). The goal congruency factor varied between subjects, so that each participant had either four goal congruent scenarios or four goal incongruent scenarios during their experimental drive. The emotions experienced were compared to the driving behaviour. 3.2.5 Experimental Measures The driver was questioned about his/her emotion after the drive in order not to interrupt the participant and to prevent potential behavioural cues, therefore, four pictures of the critical sections of the experimental drive were provided. Every situation was rated using an internally revised edition of the Geneva Emotion Wheel (Oehl, Roidl, Frehse, Suhr, Siebert et al., 2010; Scherer, 2005), covering 16 emotions suitable for the driving context. This edition was derived from the original wheel, which spatial structure was confirmed in English and French language (Bänziger, Tran & Scherer, 2005). Back-and-forth translation and the exchange of emotional qualities (disgust, elation, envy and pleasure were removed, amusement, happiness, fright and feeling helpless were added) made the tool more suitable for traffic settings (Roidl, Frehse, Oehl & Höger, 2013). The participants were allowed to rate up to three different emotions within each critical situation on a Likert-scale ranging from 1 (weak emotion) to 5 (very strong emotion). The emotions were later analysed and compared with the specific driving behaviours displayed during the four critical situations. To investigate the influence of individual factors, trait driving anger was measured with a German version of the Driving Anger Scale (DAS; Deffenbacher et al., 1994; Steffgen, Recchia & Ludewig, 2008). It includes 33 items which !
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Determinants of Emotional Experienc
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Acknowledgements I would like to th
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Abstract Emotions play a prominent
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2.3.2.2.5 Testing H5 ..............
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List of Tables Chapter 2: The Emoti
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Introduction 11 1. Introduction 1.1
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Introduction 13 (Deffenbacher et al
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Introduction 15 emotions varies vas
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Introduction 17 Therefore, a precis
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Introduction 19 On the behavioural
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Introduction 21 A coherent model of
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Introduction 23 Chliaoutakis, J.E.,
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Introduction 25 Giegling, I., Hartm
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