Module 9: Control Techniques - International Association of Fire ...

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IAFF Training for Hazardous Materials: Technician© Student Text • Diking or damming is perhaps the easiest method to confine a liquid spill. A barrier (dirt, absorbent booms, plastic wrapped hose, sand, etc.) is placed ahead of the spill to prevent it from spreading. This keeps the area involved to a minimum and reduces the surface area available for volatile liquid evaporation. • Absorption/adsorption can be used with or instead of diking and damming. This involves the use of another material placed directly on the liquid. The liquid either completely soaks into the product (absorbs) or adheres to the surface (adsorbs). This also prevents the flow and spread of the product and can make cleanup easier. • Diversion channels liquids to another, less sensitive area. On land, this is accomplished by dikes placed ahead of the spill to force the flow to another area. On water, booms may be placed across the flow of water to direct a lighter than water product. 9-16 Module 9: Control Techniques
Student Text IAFF Training for Hazardous Materials: Technician© • Retention is the act of holding liquids until they can be neutralized, diluted or removed. Building a circular dike around a drum creates a retention pit for the product. Products may also be diverted to another more suitable area for retention. • Dispersion uses special agents to break up non-soluble liquids spilled in water. Dispersant agents are commonly used on hydrocarbons (e.g., oil spills at sea), but do not change the hazard itself. Gases and vapors present the most difficult challenges to responders. Gases and vapors spread based on their properties, the terrain, and the weather. They also present the greatest risk to the public because they may travel long distances from the site and manifest no warning signs such as odor or taste. • Confining a liquid spill to a small area by damming or diking will drastically reduce vapor production. There are two other basic methods of confining a gas/vapor release. • Suppression is used on liquids that are producing hazardous vapors. The most common type of vapor suppression uses fire fighting foams on liquid fuel spills. Foam blankets the spill and prevents or reduces vapor production. Special foams for use on corrosives are also available. Suppressing vapors does not change or eliminate the hazard permanently; rather it reduces the immediate hazard and allows responders time for a better planned response. Fire fighting foam used on a gasoline spill to suppress vapors Module 9: Control Techniques 9-17
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