SEXUAL HEALTH AND HUMAN RIGHTS A legal and ... - The ICHRP

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TABLE OF CONTENTS THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON HUMAN RIGHTS POLICY ........ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................................................... 4 ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................................................... 5 A. BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................................... 6 WHO’S PROJECT ON SEXUAL HEALTH AND HUMAN RIGHTS ............................................................................... 6 THE SEARO REGION AND COUNTRY SELECTION ................................................................................................. 9 THE RESEARCH COUNTRIES AND HUMAN RIGHTS LAW .......................................................................................... 9 B. METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................................... 11 1. NON-DISCRIMINATION ....................................................................................................................... 14 1.1 NON- DISCRIMINATION BASED ON SEX ............................................................................................... 16 1.2 NON -DISCRIMINATION BASED ON SEXUAL ORIENTATION ................................................................. 21 1.3 NON-DISCRIMINATION BASED ON GENDER IDENTITY ......................................................................... 26 1.4 NON-DISCRIMINATION BASED ON HIV STATUS AND MANDATORY HIV TESTING.............................. 27 1.5 SEXUAL HARASSMENT .............................................................................................................................. 34 1.6 ACCESS TO ADOPTION (SAME SEX COUPLES, SINGLE PERSONS)....................................................... 41 1.7 ACCESS TO IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION (IVF)/ASSISTED REPRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES (ART).... 43 1.8 SAME-SEX MARRIAGE .......................................................................................................................... 44 2. PENALIZATION AND / OR REGULATION OF SEXUALITY / SEXUAL ACTIVITIES ............. 46 2.1 (DE)CRIMINALIZATION OF SAME- SEX SEXUAL CONDUCT .................................................................. 49 2.2 CRIMINALIZATION OF (INTENTIONAL) TRANSMISSION OF HIV ......................................................... 51 2.3 AGE OF CONSENT/STATUTORY RAPE ................................................................................................... 52 2.4 (DE)CRIMINALIZATION OF SEX OUTSIDE MARRIAGE .......................................................................... 54 3. STATE REGULATION OF MARRIAGE AND FAMILY AS IT IS RELEVANT TO SEXUALITY AND SEXUAL HEALTH .................................................................................................................................. 56 3.1 EQUALITY IN MARRIAGE ..................................................................................................................... 59 3.2 CONSENT FOR MARRIAGE .................................................................................................................... 67 3.3 INCEST .................................................................................................................................................. 71 3.4 PLURAL MARRIAGE ............................................................................................................................. 72 3.5 RESTITUTION OF CONJUGAL RIGHTS ................................................................................................. 74 3.6 VIRGINITY TESTING/OTHER FORMS OF TESTING CONDITIONS PLACED ON MARRIAGE (E.G. HIV/STIS) .......................................................................................................................................................... 76 4. GENDER IDENTITY/EXPRESSION AS IT IS RELEVANT TO SEXUALITY AND SEXUAL HEALTH ............................................................................................................................................................. 78 4.1 CIVIL STATUS REGISTRATION/NAMES ................................................................................................. 81 4.2 TRANSGENDER ..................................................................................................................................... 81 4.3 MEDICAL/HEALTH SERVICES (INCLUDING INSURANCE COVERAGE) .................................................. 82 5. VIOLENCE ............................................................................................................................................... 84 5.1 DOMESTIC/INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE ......................................................................................... 86 5.2 SEXUAL VIOLENCE: RAPE .................................................................................................................. 101 5.3 SEXUAL VIOLENCE: MARITAL RAPE ................................................................................................ 107 5.4 SEXUAL VIOLENCE: CUSTODIAL RAPE ............................................................................................. 110 5.5 SEXUAL VIOLENCE: CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE ..................................................................................... 111 5.6 SEXUAL VIOLENCE NOT AMOUNTING TO RAPE ................................................................................. 114 5.7 HATE CRIMES (BOTH STATE SANCTIONED AND STATE EXCUSED) .................................................... 116 5.8 HONOUR CRIMES................................................................................................................................ 119 5.9 SEXUAL EXPLOITATION (INCLUDING TRAFFICKING, OF MINORS) .................................................... 120 2
6. ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES IN RELATION TO SEX AND SEXUALITY (IN THE CONTEXT OF CESC GC14) .......................................................................................................................... 132 6.1 ABORTION .......................................................................................................................................... 135 6.2 CONTRACEPTION ............................................................................................................................... 141 6.3 HIV SERVICES (INCLUDING PREVENTION, TESTING AND TREATMENT) ........................................... 146 7. INFORMATION, EDUCATION AND EXPRESSION RELATED TO SEX AND SEXUALITY . 151 7.1 (DE)CRIMINALIZATION OF OBSCENITY/INDECENCY ......................................................................... 159 7.2 REGULATION/CENSORSHIP OF SEXUAL CONTENT (INCL. INTERNET) ............................................... 163 7.3 EROTIC EXPRESSION .......................................................................................................................... 166 8. SEX WORK ............................................................................................................................................. 169 8.1 (DE)CRIMINALIZATION...................................................................................................................... 175 8.2 ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES (REGIONAL FLEXIBILITY) ................................................................ 184 DOCUMENTS AND SOURCES ..................................................................................................................... 186 3
Page 1: THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON HUMAN
Page 5 and 6: ABBREVIATIONS AIDS ART ARV CEDAW CE
Page 7 and 8: in the regional reviews. This is a
Page 9 and 10: provide for information and distrib
Page 11 and 12: B. METHODOLOGY In keeping with the
Page 13 and 14: elevant and key laws and judgments;
Page 15 and 16: The inability of many sexually stig
Page 17 and 18: Equality irrespective of a person
Page 19 and 20: The centrality of women’s rights
Page 21 and 22: social standing, religious belief,
Page 23 and 24: according to the physical condition
Page 25 and 26: Constitutional Court in The Nationa
Page 27 and 28: protections or statutory law. There
Page 29 and 30: However it also noted that every Ri
Page 31 and 32: concerned with declaring that the h
Page 33 and 34: without guaranteeing the personal p
Page 35 and 36: to enlarge the meaning and content
Page 37 and 38: a concept has wider dimensions than
Page 39 and 40: Such conduct mentioned in clauses (
Page 41 and 42: embraced the complainant and asked
Page 43 and 44: does not sever the ties between the
Page 45 and 46: The potential recognition of same-s
Page 47 and 48: Similarly, seeking out sex educatio
Page 49 and 50: condom). Across such laws, the defi
Page 51 and 52: jurisdictions. Nepal, a country wit
Page 53 and 54:
the conviction of the accused for s
Page 55 and 56:
with an unmarried woman is not puni
Page 57 and 58:
physical characteristics (virginity
Page 59 and 60:
interventions and safeguards such a
Page 61 and 62:
The opinion of the National Commiss
Page 63 and 64:
was married to she would acquire im
Page 65 and 66:
to consider the case of a woman see
Page 67 and 68:
oth parties and deems all marital p
Page 69 and 70:
female who has not attained 12 year
Page 71 and 72:
Article 16 of the Universal Declara
Page 73 and 74:
In Bangladesh, polygamy is allowed
Page 75 and 76:
immovable property. The above propo
Page 77 and 78:
consummation of marriage. The incap
Page 79 and 80:
Violence, especially sexual violenc
Page 81 and 82:
gender norms which many remand home
Page 83 and 84:
female or a female to a male. It in
Page 85 and 86:
from other forms of inequality as w
Page 87 and 88:
c. Whereas victims of violence in h
Page 89 and 90:
courts. 350 According to the Commis
Page 91 and 92:
The Act provides for the appointmen
Page 93 and 94:
Rani 383 it was held that a shared
Page 95 and 96:
The Act specifies imprisonment of 6
Page 97 and 98:
property jointly or separately held
Page 99 and 100:
upees or the amount of the dowry wh
Page 101 and 102:
however, is that, of the 10,000 dea
Page 103 and 104:
Addararachchi 439 the court conside
Page 105 and 106:
harassment, the Indian Supreme Cour
Page 107 and 108:
doer’s sexual desire by using doe
Page 109 and 110:
In holding that there was no justif
Page 111 and 112:
coerce or induce female inmates to
Page 113 and 114:
material or detain any person for t
Page 115 and 116:
consensual sexual activity with you
Page 117 and 118:
The fined amount is to be given to
Page 119 and 120:
the State and its citizens is one o
Page 121 and 122:
every person “the right against e
Page 123 and 124:
The law also includes the right of
Page 125 and 126:
eing committed. 570 While prosecuti
Page 127 and 128:
Broader provisions related to child
Page 129 and 130:
in order to engage the child in suc
Page 131 and 132:
her.” 631 A person is deemed to h
Page 133 and 134:
that they are denied the fundamenta
Page 135 and 136:
Indonesia’s Constitution recognis
Page 137 and 138:
In Thailand too, abortion is illega
Page 139 and 140:
With regard to the first question,
Page 141 and 142:
Further, any pregnant woman may vol
Page 143 and 144:
childbearing age to establish a hea
Page 145 and 146:
Government could not be held liable
Page 147 and 148:
among those in the reproductive age
Page 149 and 150:
Members' right to protect public he
Page 151 and 152:
7. INFORMATION, EDUCATION AND EXPRE
Page 153 and 154:
education as well as non-discrimina
Page 155 and 156:
The exchange of information through
Page 157 and 158:
community.” 727 In each case, the
Page 159 and 160:
Nepal’s Interim Constitution limi
Page 161 and 162:
Sections 292, 292A, 293 and 294 of
Page 163 and 164:
“...any interpretation of 'obscen
Page 165 and 166:
“1 (a) Condones or extenuates act
Page 167 and 168:
In Thailand, places of entertainmen
Page 169 and 170:
8. SEX WORK This section examines h
Page 171 and 172:
The use of raids, and exemptions fr
Page 173 and 174:
clients or make an offer for a sex/
Page 175 and 176:
and non-rehabilitative juvenile jus
Page 177 and 178:
“In view of the aforesaid proposi
Page 179 and 180:
person who commits the act are of t
Page 181 and 182:
as parent or guardian has given his
Page 183 and 184:
with one) on the charge that it was
Page 185 and 186:
for sex workers while emphasizing t
Page 187 and 188:
19. Azimuddin v State of Uttar Prad
Page 189 and 190:
1. Acid Control Act, 2002 2. Acid-O
Page 191:
13. Intellectual Property Act, 2003
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