Report - ICP Forests

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44 2. Large Scale Crown Condition Surveys 2.3 References ICP Forests, 2010: Manual on methods and criteria for harmonized sampling, assessment, monitoring and analysis of the effects of air pollution on forests. UNECE ICP Forests Programme Co-ordinating Centre, Hamburg [http://www.icp-forests.org/Manual.htm] Chappelka, A.H., Freer-Smith, P.H. (1995): Predeposition of trees by air pollutants to low temperatures and moisture stress. Environmental Pollution 87: 105-117. Cronan, C.S., Grigal, D.F. (1995): Use of calcium/aluminium ratios as indicators of stress in forest ecosystems. Journal of Environmental Quality 24: 209-226. EEA (2007): European forest types. Categories and types for sustainable forest management reporting and policy. European Environment Agency (EEA) Technical Report 9/2006, 2nd edition, May 2007, 111 pp. ISBN 978-92-9167-926-3, Copenhagen. Freer-Smith, P.H. (1998): Do pollutant-related forest declines threaten the sustainability of forests. Ambio 27: 123-131. Lorenz, M., Becher, G. (1994): Forest Condition in Europe. 1994 Technical Report. UNECE and EC, Geneva and Brussels, 174 pp.
3. Intensive Monitoring 45 3. INTENSIVE MONITORING 3.1 Introduction Intensive Monitoring data (Level II) for the survey year 2007 were submitted from 21 countries. In comparison to the 2006 data submission, the number of submitting countries decreased by 7. The numbers of plots with data submission per survey are given in Table 3.1-1. As not all surveys are conducted continuously or annually, the plot numbers vary from year to year. Nevertheless, compared to the 2006 data submission the number of plots decreased for most surveys. The reduction of countries and plot numbers is mostly due to the fact that for the year 2007 the assessments were not co-financed by the European Commission. The methods for intensive monitoring of forest ecosystems are laid down in the “Manual on methods and criteria for harmonized sampling, assessment, monitoring and analysis of the effects of air pollution on forests” (ICP Forests, 2010). Table 3.1-1: Surveys, numbers of Level II plots and assessment frequencies. Survey Number of plots Assessment frequency Installed Data submitted for 2007 Crown condition 836 462 Annually Foliar chemistry 904 200 Every two years Soil condition 615 0 Every ten years Soil solution chemistry 302 169 Continuously Tree growth 811 70 Every five years Deposition 657 353 Continuously Ambient air quality (active) 84 27 Continuously Ambient air quality (passive) 254 167 Continuously Ozone induced injury 114 43 Annually Meteorology 265 191 Continuously Phenology 186 58 Several times per year Ground vegetation 777 67 Every five years Litterfall 262 105 Continuously 3.2 Sulphur and nitrogen deposition and its trends 3.2.1 Data and Methods Deposition data are collected on Level II plots in the open field (“bulk deposition”) and under canopy (“throughfall”). Whereas bulk deposition is a basis for estimates of total atmospheric deposition rates in open fields, throughfall deposition typically differs from bulk deposition due to a) wash off of dry deposition from the forest canopy, b) element “leaching” from the tree crowns, and c) absorption of elements by the foliage, so-called “canopy uptake”. The first two effects lead to increased throughfall rates, the latter one, canopy uptake of elements by the crown foliage, reduces throughfall deposition compared to bulk deposition. Thus, throughfall deposition does not reflect total deposition but reflects the results of total deposition plus net canopy exchange. In addition, throughfall deposition may have been underestimated especially
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162 Annex BELGIUM Tel. +32 54 43 71
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164 Annex DENMARK Phone: +45 39 47
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