improving music mood classification using lyrics, audio and social tags

3.1.3 Cleaning up Social Tags by Human Experts ........................................................ 35
3.1.4 Grouping Mood-related Social Tags ..................................................................... 35
3.2 MOOD CATEGORIES ................................................................................................ 36
3.3 COMPARISONS TO MUSIC PSYCHOLOGY MODELS ......................................... 38
3.3.1 Hevner’s Circle vs. Derived Categories ................................................................ 38
3.3.2 Russell’s Model vs. Derived Categories ............................................................... 40
3.3.3 Distances between Categories ............................................................................... 42
3.4 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................. 44
CHAPTER 4: CLASSIFICATION EXPERIMENT DESIGN ........................................ 46
4.1 EVALUATION METHOD AND MEASURE ............................................................ 46
4.1.1 Evaluation Task..................................................................................................... 46
4.1.2 Performance Measure and Statistical Test ............................................................ 47
4.2 CLASSIFICATION ALGORITHM AND IMPLEMENTATION .............................. 49
4.2.1 Supervised Learning and Support Vector Machines ............................................. 49
4.2.2 Algorithm Implementation .................................................................................... 51
4.3 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................. 52
CHAPTER 5: BUILDING A DATASET WITH TERNARY INFORMATION ........... 53
5.1 DATA COLLECTION ................................................................................................. 53
5.1.1 Audio Data ............................................................................................................ 53
5.1.2 Social Tags ............................................................................................................ 55
5.1.3 Lyric Data ............................................................................................................. 55
5.1.4 Summary ............................................................................................................... 56
5.2 GROUND TRUTH DATASET ................................................................................... 57
5.2.1 Identifying Mood Categories ................................................................................ 58
5.2.2 Selecting Songs ..................................................................................................... 61
5.2.3 Summary of the Dataset ........................................................................................ 65
CHAPTER 6: BEST LYRIC FEATURES ........................................................................ 68
6.1 TEXT AFFECT ANALYSIS ....................................................................................... 68
6.2 LYRIC FEATURES ..................................................................................................... 70
6.2.1 Basic Lyric Features.............................................................................................. 71
6.2.2 Linguistic Lyric Features ...................................................................................... 74
6.2.3 Text Stylistic Features ........................................................................................... 77
6.2.4 Lyric Feature Type Concatenations ...................................................................... 78
6.3 IMPLEMENTATION .................................................................................................. 80
6.4 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS ...................................................................................... 80
6.4.1 Best Individual Lyric Feature Types ..................................................................... 80
6.4.2 Best Combined Lyric Feature Types .................................................................... 81
6.4.3 Analysis of Text Stylistic Features ....................................................................... 84
6.5 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................. 87
CHAPTER 7: HYBRID SYSTEMS AND SINGLE-SOURCE SYSTEMS.................... 89
7.1 AUDIO FEATURES AND CLASSIFIER ................................................................... 89
7.2 HYBRID METHODS .................................................................................................. 90
7.2.1 Two Hybrid Methods ............................................................................................ 90
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