The Challenges of Growing Small Businesses - International Labour ...

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Elements impacting on successful micro and small enterprise development Enterprise Support Sector (Government, NGO, Private Sector, Membership Organizations, donors, etc.) Socio/cultural Context for Enterprise (attitudes, aspiration, confidence and permission etc) Motivation & Determination S Idea with a Market H N Women P F Plan and Manage Abilities, skills and experience Resources Broader ‘Enabling Environment’ (Regulations, policies, institutions and processes) The Economic / Market Environment (Opportunities and threats) Index: H – Human Assets N – Natural Assets S – Social Assets Source: Richardson and Howarth (2002a). P – Physical Assets F – Financial Assets The different topics of study, as given in the terms of reference, were discussed and considered in the light of the WED conceptual framework and grouped together as five levels of analysis concerning: the women and their assets (micro); their enterprises (micro); the business support environment (meso); the “enabling environment” (meso); and the broader socio-economic context (macro) – see overleaf. Clearly, in considering such issues, the research will also be cognisant of vulnerability factors such as seasonality, trends etc., and how these influence and impact upon women’s entrepreneurship at each of these levels. 100
Levels of analysis The issues considered Evidence from previous experience and research The reality and relevance in the three study countries The individual –women (micro level) Women are not a homogenous group and have been categorized in many ways according to age, religion, education, ethnicity, disability, marital status, literacy, poverty etc. These categories impact on their access to and ownership of assets. Enterprise research has focused on different “categories” or groups of women. The way in which women have been categorized depends on what the research has looked at, why, who has undertaken the research and who has funded it. What “groupings” or categories are predominant/important for women’s enterprise in The African context Each of the three study countries The enterprise and the process of starting and growing a business (micro level) The enterprise support environment (meso level) Different dimensions of “type” scale (micro, small, medium) sectors (retail, service, manu etc.) structure (sole trader, partnership, Ltd) individual or collective status – (formal informal) Why and how do women start/develop their own businesses? Push or pull? Timescale? Individual or collectively? Organizations, programmes and services that assist or hinder women entrepreneurs. BDS providers Financial provision Networks and Associations Premises provision Different issues (both positive and negative) that are present or primarily relevant for different types of businesses. Women starting and developing businesses do so for different reasons and in different ways and hence, face varying challenges and opportunities. What are the gender issues here? What are the generic and gender specific needs and experiences of support services and systems? What hinders and what helps? What types of businesses are dominant for women and men in the three countries. If there are differences, in what way and why? Why and how do women start and develop businesses in the three countries. What gender issues prevail if any? In what way is the support sector really supportive or constraining of women’s enterprise in each country? What gender issues prevail, if any? The broader regulatory “Enabling environment” (macro level) The regulatory and institutional context in which women and their enterprises operate: Registration laws Licencing laws and practices Ownership issues Women experience a different context than men for developing their businesses – usually more constraining and limiting rather than enabling. What are the generic and gender issues that prevail out of the enabling environment and to what extent are they similar or different for different sectors and in each country? The broader socio/econ context for enterprise (macro level) Socio economic, cultural, geographical, technological, educational and political influences which hinder or support women’s enterprise. Social/cultural attitudes have a significant impact on helping and hindering women’s enterprise – whether it is an acceptable option; which enterprises are acceptable etc.? What are the critical dimensions which help and hinder enterprise development for women and men in each country? 101
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SEED Working Paper No. 47 Series on
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Foreword The ILO’s Programme on B
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Table of contents Foreword ........
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5.2.2 Abilities, skills, and experi
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Executive summary This report provi
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Acronyms AEMFI BDS CSA CSO COMESA E
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WED WED Study WEDAZ WEPC WEDGE ZCSM
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The Gender lexicon Gender was taken
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1. Introduction and background 1.1
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1.2 Aims and objectives In associat
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Phase Two (July-Oct 2002) Workshop
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• The Enterprise Level, as relate
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• The Enabling Environment for En
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(ii) Degree of Formality Another ch
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1.4 The Structure of the report Thi
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The lack of up-to-date and comprehe
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employees, marketing and resources,
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eluctant to make legal agreements w
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Most of the existing research would
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promotional activities, may be ques
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Tanzania, the Women and Gender Deve
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Throughout the preliminary reports,
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3. Jobs, gender and enterprise in A
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• In Tanzania, there was a greate
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4. Profiles of women entrepreneurs
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networking skills for business. Ind
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Table 6: The primary reasons given
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Table 7: Type of business by sector
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This reliance on personal sources o
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and JUDAI, 2002). The WED Study fin
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4.4.2 Why formalize? The women entr
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Table 13: Forms of business develop
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Page 100 and 101: Abdulahi, Hayat (1997): “Constrai
Page 102 and 103: Economic Commission for Africa (ECA
Page 104 and 105: Hulme, D. and Mosley P. (1998): Mic
Page 106 and 107: Maliyamkono, T. L. and Bagachwa, M.
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Page 110 and 111: Temu, S. S. (1997): Financing and I
Page 112 and 113: Wangwe, S.M. (1993): “Small and m
Page 114 and 115: Identify ways in which Governments,
Page 118 and 119: 1.3 The research approach The WED S
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Page 132 and 133: 22. “Ajuste Local à Globalizaç
Page 134: 59. “Facilitating Youth Entrepren
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