The Challenges of Growing Small Businesses - International Labour ...

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8 Figure 1: Elements impacting on successful micro and small enterprise development Socio/Cultural Context (attitudes, aspiration, confidence and permission etc) Enterprise Support Sector (Government, NGO, Private Sector, Membership Organisations, donors etc) Abilities, Motivation & skills and Determination experience H S N Women P F Idea with a Resources Market Plan Manage ‘Enabling Environment’ for enterprise (Regulations, policies, institutions and processes) Index: H – Human Assets N – Natural Assets F – Financial Assets P – Physical Assets S – Social Assets Source: Richardson and Howarth (2002a). The Economic / Market Environment (Opportunities and threats)
• The Enabling Environment for Enterprise Development: Enterprise development does not take place in isolation. It takes place within and alongside a whole series of public, private and voluntary policies, structures, organizations, institutions and initiatives, which both help and hinder the establishment and growth of enterprises. Much research has highlighted the extent to which MSEs are compromised by their legislative, regulatory, fiscal and institutional environments. Whilst most of these structures appear neutral in their implementation, many discriminate – indirectly and directly – against women (see Mayoux, 2000 and Goheer, 2003). The WED Study seeks to examine women’s experiences, and identify specific ways in which gender-based inequalities affect their interaction with their enabling environments. • The Socio-Cultural and Economic Context: The nature, form and scale of enterprise development is also influenced and shaped by a range of traditionally embedded social, cultural, religious and economic factors. The nature and influence of communities, societies, market places and economies all impact on women’s enterprise, and to varying degrees. They provide the backcloth to women’s awareness of and engagement with business ownership, the type of business they engage in as business owners, and where and how they practice their business. Consequently, understanding this backcloth and the degree to which it shapes women’s experience of enterprise is also important (Goheer, 2003). 1.3.4 Study definitions One of the first points of discussion and debate between the three groups of researchers concerned the definition of MSEs, and more particularly women’s MSEs. The research team had to address and overcome the difficulties arising from the lack of a universal definition for the core subject of the WED Study. (i) Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) In order to provide an understanding and move towards agreed working definitions, each country team presented definitions for MSEs in their country. In the ILO’s Recommendation 189 (1998) on General Conditions to Stimulate Job Creation in Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, it is recommended that “Members should, in consultation with the most representative organizations of employers and workers, define small and medium-sized enterprises by reference to such criteria as may be considered appropriate, taking account of national social and economic conditions, it being understood that this flexibility should not preclude Members from arriving at commonly agreed definitions for data collection and analysis purposes” (ILO, 1998, paragraph 1). 9
Page 1 and 2: SEED Working Paper No. 47 Series on
Page 3 and 4: Foreword The ILO’s Programme on B
Page 5 and 6: Table of contents Foreword ........
Page 7 and 8: 5.2.2 Abilities, skills, and experi
Page 9 and 10: Executive summary This report provi
Page 11 and 12: Acronyms AEMFI BDS CSA CSO COMESA E
Page 13 and 14: WED WED Study WEDAZ WEPC WEDGE ZCSM
Page 15 and 16: The Gender lexicon Gender was taken
Page 17 and 18: 1. Introduction and background 1.1
Page 19 and 20: 1.2 Aims and objectives In associat
Page 21 and 22: Phase Two (July-Oct 2002) Workshop
Page 23: • The Enterprise Level, as relate
Page 27 and 28: (ii) Degree of Formality Another ch
Page 29 and 30: 1.4 The Structure of the report Thi
Page 31 and 32: The lack of up-to-date and comprehe
Page 33 and 34: employees, marketing and resources,
Page 35 and 36: eluctant to make legal agreements w
Page 37 and 38: Most of the existing research would
Page 39 and 40: promotional activities, may be ques
Page 41 and 42: Tanzania, the Women and Gender Deve
Page 43 and 44: Throughout the preliminary reports,
Page 45 and 46: 3. Jobs, gender and enterprise in A
Page 47 and 48: • In Tanzania, there was a greate
Page 49 and 50: 4. Profiles of women entrepreneurs
Page 51 and 52: networking skills for business. Ind
Page 53 and 54: Table 6: The primary reasons given
Page 55 and 56: Table 7: Type of business by sector
Page 57 and 58: This reliance on personal sources o
Page 59 and 60: and JUDAI, 2002). The WED Study fin
Page 61 and 62: 4.4.2 Why formalize? The women entr
Page 63 and 64: Table 13: Forms of business develop
Page 65 and 66: employment practices, signs of impr
Page 67 and 68: Table 16: Number of employees at st
Page 69 and 70: premises, and this factor constrain
Page 71 and 72: cent of women able to name credit a
Page 73 and 74: oth. Those who were members were po
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their time is already constrained b
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In Tanzania the research acknowledg
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Figure 12: Ingredients for a succes
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men business owners surrounding the
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and also help to diversify risks; a
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(iii) Attitudes to collateral One m
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egulations. There is no recognized
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6. Key recommendations from the Nat
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oadly similar in nature and focus,
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appropriate services that are desig
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- Are sometimes regarded as “mino
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addressed effectively with positive
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Abdulahi, Hayat (1997): “Constrai
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Economic Commission for Africa (ECA
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Hulme, D. and Mosley P. (1998): Mic
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Maliyamkono, T. L. and Bagachwa, M.
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Oyhus, A. O. (1999): “The importa
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Temu, S. S. (1997): Financing and I
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Wangwe, S.M. (1993): “Small and m
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Identify ways in which Governments,
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Elements impacting on successful mi
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1.3 The research approach The WED S
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Market access and developing BDS (a
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III. IV. Special efforts should be
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II. III. IV. Women entrepreneurs an
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110 V. As women experience particul
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Access to resources and finance (a)
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114
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22. “Ajuste Local à Globalizaç
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59. “Facilitating Youth Entrepren
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