The Challenges of Growing Small Businesses - International Labour ...

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xiv
The Gender lexicon Gender was taken as an integral and cross-cutting issues throughout the WED Study. A good working definition of gender for the purposes of the WED Study was taken from Hilhorst and Oppenoorth (1992) and is given in the main text of the report. “In considering gender issues and their impact on women, it is useful to distinguish between ‘women’s condition’ – their material state, including poverty, excessive work burdens, and lack of access to resources; and ‘women’s’ position – their social and economic standing relative to men. This distinction between condition and position leads to a differentiation of practical gender needs versus strategic gender interests. The practical gender needs of women (and men) derive in part from their need to provide a livelihood for themselves and their families. They must accomplish this within the roles allocated to them by the gender-based division of labour that prevails in their society”. “Strategic gender interests are related to the need of women [and men] for a milieu that allows them to be self-confident, to articulate their views and to acquire more say in decision making, an improved negotiating position, and access to power structures. Strategic gender interests, unlike practical gender needs, cannot be observed; they must be deduced by analysing the position of women in a given society. This involves making ethical and cultural judgements about equity and social justice” (see also Moser, 1993 and Kantor, 2001). The meanings associated with the use of various gender terms are as follows: Gender sensitive/aware: This refers to policies and programmes that explicitly recognize differences between women and men, and these will impact on the woman or man’s ability to participate in entrepreneurship, enterprise creation and development. Gender specific (women specific): Policies and programmes targeted specifically at women or men (women in the context of this paper) in order to benefit them within the prevailing context of gender relations. Interventions are based on accurate evaluations of gender relations in society, and they are required in order to redress imbalances (biases) in significant fields. Gender neutral: Gender sensitive policies which represent the current division of labour and resources, opportunities and constraints between women and men, and seek to intervene in this context without changing it. Gender blind: policies and programmes that do not take account of differences between women and men, and consequently are frequently based implicitly on male actors. Such programmes are thought to be gender neutral, but because of the implicit focus on male actors, they tend to support men’s needs and interests and neglect those of women. Gender failures: These result from gender blind policies and programmes, such as the assumption that the market is free from bias, with all society members receiving equal treatment and access. Policies based on this assumption may not assist women, who in reality have different access to and relations with the market compared to men. Gendered sector: A sector of the economy which is perceived as having the particular dominant attributes of either females or males. Often these sectors are dominated by either women or men, and their respective (perceived) attributes are adopted by/within the sector. The caring sector (such as nursing or day care) tends to be “female”, since caring is perceived in some societies a “female” attribute. xv
Page 1 and 2: SEED Working Paper No. 47 Series on
Page 3 and 4: Foreword The ILO’s Programme on B
Page 5 and 6: Table of contents Foreword ........
Page 7 and 8: 5.2.2 Abilities, skills, and experi
Page 9 and 10: Executive summary This report provi
Page 11 and 12: Acronyms AEMFI BDS CSA CSO COMESA E
Page 13: WED WED Study WEDAZ WEPC WEDGE ZCSM
Page 17 and 18: 1. Introduction and background 1.1
Page 19 and 20: 1.2 Aims and objectives In associat
Page 21 and 22: Phase Two (July-Oct 2002) Workshop
Page 23 and 24: • The Enterprise Level, as relate
Page 25 and 26: • The Enabling Environment for En
Page 27 and 28: (ii) Degree of Formality Another ch
Page 29 and 30: 1.4 The Structure of the report Thi
Page 31 and 32: The lack of up-to-date and comprehe
Page 33 and 34: employees, marketing and resources,
Page 35 and 36: eluctant to make legal agreements w
Page 37 and 38: Most of the existing research would
Page 39 and 40: promotional activities, may be ques
Page 41 and 42: Tanzania, the Women and Gender Deve
Page 43 and 44: Throughout the preliminary reports,
Page 45 and 46: 3. Jobs, gender and enterprise in A
Page 47 and 48: • In Tanzania, there was a greate
Page 49 and 50: 4. Profiles of women entrepreneurs
Page 51 and 52: networking skills for business. Ind
Page 53 and 54: Table 6: The primary reasons given
Page 55 and 56: Table 7: Type of business by sector
Page 57 and 58: This reliance on personal sources o
Page 59 and 60: and JUDAI, 2002). The WED Study fin
Page 61 and 62: 4.4.2 Why formalize? The women entr
Page 63 and 64: Table 13: Forms of business develop
Page 65 and 66:
employment practices, signs of impr
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Table 16: Number of employees at st
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premises, and this factor constrain
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cent of women able to name credit a
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oth. Those who were members were po
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their time is already constrained b
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In Tanzania the research acknowledg
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Figure 12: Ingredients for a succes
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men business owners surrounding the
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and also help to diversify risks; a
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(iii) Attitudes to collateral One m
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egulations. There is no recognized
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6. Key recommendations from the Nat
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oadly similar in nature and focus,
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appropriate services that are desig
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- Are sometimes regarded as “mino
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addressed effectively with positive
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Abdulahi, Hayat (1997): “Constrai
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Economic Commission for Africa (ECA
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Hulme, D. and Mosley P. (1998): Mic
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Maliyamkono, T. L. and Bagachwa, M.
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Oyhus, A. O. (1999): “The importa
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Temu, S. S. (1997): Financing and I
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Wangwe, S.M. (1993): “Small and m
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Identify ways in which Governments,
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Elements impacting on successful mi
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1.3 The research approach The WED S
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Market access and developing BDS (a
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III. IV. Special efforts should be
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II. III. IV. Women entrepreneurs an
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110 V. As women experience particul
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Access to resources and finance (a)
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114
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22. “Ajuste Local à Globalizaç
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59. “Facilitating Youth Entrepren
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