a conglomerte bed as a possible lower boundary - Professor Kamal ...

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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1-1- Preface The Qulqula Formation was first mentioned by Bolton, 1955) and gave more detailed definitions in (1958). The formation is a unit of the Qulqula Group which includes Qulqula Radiolarian and Qulqula Conglomerate formations. This former formation is underlying the Qulqula Conglomerate Formation. It consists of thick successions of bedded chert, shale and siliceous limestone (Buday, 1980; Jassim and Goff, 2006). They also mentioned that the contacts of the formation are hard to be determined because of complex structure of the outcrop areas which are marked by intense folding, faulting and thrusting. Field study showed that the lower part of the Qulqula Formation, in the studied area, is widely exposed throughout the Thrust Zone and complete sections are exposed, usually forming successions, along the southwestern side of Avroman and Qandil mountain in addition to northeastern side of Kurra Kazahaw (Fig 1.1) (Karim, 2003). The age and stratigraphic position of this group is controversial because of insufficient studies and complex structure of the occurrence area (Karim, 2003). In present study, the limestone successions of the Lower part of the Qulqula Formation are selected, for detail study geochemically and sedimentologically. These successions consist of black limestone successions that are located at the lower part of the formation. The number of these successions are more than four which discussed by Karim, (2003). 1.2. Location and Geomorphology The studied area is located within Sulaimani Government in northeastern Iraq near the border with Iran. It stretches as a narrow belt from southeast of the Halabja town to Qandil mountain toe at the northwest which has length of more than 150kms (Fig.1.1). This area located between latitudes (36 o 41 - 23 = and 35 o 25 - 48 = ) to the north and longitudes (45 o 10 - 04 = and 46 o 20 - 41 = ) to the east. In the studied area the formation crops out in four localities as follows from southeast to northwest: 1
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1-Avroman-Halabja outcrops (southeastern part of the studied area: SP) which exposed between Shinarwe and Avroman mountains from south and north respectively. At the east and west, the area is bounded by Iraqi-Iranian border and both Khurmal and Ahmad Awa towns respectively. This area includes Halabja, Tawella and Biyara Towns. The outcrops, in this area, are extensive and not covered. In this area the thickness of the limestone successions has intermediated thickness which ranges betweens 7–15m (Fig. 1.1) 2-Surren mountain toe outcrops which begin from east of Khurmal town and ends near Kaolos village at the northwest. The outcrop areas are narrow covered intermittently by Quaternary limestone conglomerate. These conglomerates are studied in detail by Baziany, (2006). The limestone successions are so thin that they do not form any successions or even they are difficult to be recognized. 3- Kaolos-Basine outcrops: Central part of the study area: (CP) which extends from Kaolos village, at the southeast to the Basine town at the northwest. The well exposed outcrops are available which have the width and length of 20 and 50km respectively. The limestone successions are well developed and each succession has the thickness of about 25m. 4-Qandil mountain toe outcrops: northwestern part of the studied area: (NP) which is located at the lower slope of southwestern side of Qandil Mountain. The outcrops, in this area, are similar to that of Surren mountain toe. The type locality of the Qulqula Formation is located in this area near Qulqula gorge at left side of Marado stream. The limestone successions are mostly siliceous and recrystalized. The studied area now covered by high mountains which is trending northwest– southeast .In the same direction and between these mountains there are narrow or wide subsequent (strike) valleys. The mountains and valleys are dissected by; at least, two long consequent valleys and tens of smaller ones. The large valleys are Little Zab and Diala river valleys. 2
Page 1 and 2: SEDIMENTLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF TH
Page 3: Supervisor Certification We certify
Page 6 and 7: Dedicated To: The Soul of my Father
Page 8 and 9: ABSTRACT The lower member of Qulqul
Page 10 and 11: LIST OF CONTENTS Chapter One: INTRO
Page 12 and 13: LIST OF FIGURES Fig. No. Title Page
Page 14 and 15: Fig. (4.1) Disribution of clay mine
Page 18 and 19: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Limestone
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Page 22 and 23: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Qulqula go
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Page 32 and 33: CHAPTER TWO STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIME
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CHAPTER THREE MICROFACIES ANALYSIS
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY 4.2. Anal
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY 4.3. X-Ra
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY 4.4. Majo
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY considera
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Table (4-
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY formation
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Al 2 O 3
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Fe 2 O 3
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY The distr
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY reduction
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY 4.5. Trac
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Histogram
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY The overa
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY The distr
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY the frequ
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY method us
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY * * * * *
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY According
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Factor (6
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Fig. (4.2
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Scale 1/1
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CONCLUSIONS This research has concl
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References Abdul-Hameed F. F. 1980.
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Barnes, R. L. and Jackson, J. A., 1
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Dunoyer De Segozac, G., 1970. The t
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South African Journal of Geology; J
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Nicholls, G. D. and Loring, D. H.,
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Stanton, R. E., 1965. Rapid Methods
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Appendixes 125
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Table (A-2a): Major oxide, Trace El
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Appendix (B): XRD patterns of some
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Fig (B-6): XRD patterns of black li
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Fig (B-12): XRD patterns of black l
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Fig (B-18): XRD patterns of black l
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