a conglomerte bed as a possible lower boundary - Professor Kamal ...

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CHAPTER TWO STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY 2.3.1- Rip-up Clasts The lithology and stratigraphic postion of the clasts show that these clasts are intraformational and grains, which are removed from semi lithified substrata by current or wave. After removal, they are transported for short distance and then deposited with other sediments. The light grey sub-rounded clasts of the lower limestone bed can be seen in the upper layer of limestone of darker colour (Fig.2.10). These clasts were used for indicating the top and bottom of the beds. The clasts occur on the top of the bed (not at the top) therefore, the bed that is shown in the Figs. (2.10) is in the right depositional condition and not overturned. Fig.2.10: Rip up Clast found in the limestone member of Dostadara section, at 1km to the south of Razila Village at 30km to the north of Said Sadiq Town. 2.3.2- Cross Lamination Several small scale cross laminations are observed in medium and coarse grain limestone (Fig.2.12). According to Pamela, (1998), cross bedding exists in several environments; they are more common in river point bars, tidal channels, and delta and shelf environments. The acute angle between the underlying bed and tangential lamina is pointing towards the paleo-direction flow or sediment direction transport. The tangential laminas with the flat underlying laminas indicate the top of the strata (Fig.2.13 and 2.15A). 2.3.3- Graded Bedding In the Qulqula Formation small scale and rare graded beddings are found in two different lithologies. They are found inside the limestone members (graded pebbly limestone) and directly below the conglomerates. Those that are associated with 25
CHAPTER TWO STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY conglomerate, include ripple marks (Fig.2.12). In both litholgies, the graded bedding have erosional base and grading is normal type in which the grain size decreases upwards. These beds are deposited by either turbidity current or by storm generated geostrophic current. It occurs in both sandstone and pebbly sandstone as normal grading (fining upward), which might be classified as Hummoke Cross Stratification. This structure is a part of ideal cycle called the Bouma cycle (Pettijohn, 1975). According to Bates and Jackson, (1980) graded bedding is defined as a type of bedding in which each layer displays a gradual and progressive change in particle size, from coarse at the base of the bed to fine at the top. They added that it may form under conditions under which the velocity of the prevailing current declined in gradual manner, as deposition from single short–lived turbidity current. According to Pettijohn, (1975) gadded beds are deposited from waning turbulent flow and may range in thickness from a centimeter to one or more meters. Fig. 2.11: Cross lamination in the limestone of the P1 (limestone succession one) near Harmela Village, 12km east of Chuwarta Town. 26
Page 1 and 2: SEDIMENTLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF TH
Page 3: Supervisor Certification We certify
Page 6 and 7: Dedicated To: The Soul of my Father
Page 8 and 9: ABSTRACT The lower member of Qulqul
Page 10 and 11: LIST OF CONTENTS Chapter One: INTRO
Page 12 and 13: LIST OF FIGURES Fig. No. Title Page
Page 14 and 15: Fig. (4.1) Disribution of clay mine
Page 16 and 17: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION CHAPTER ON
Page 18 and 19: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Limestone
Page 20 and 21: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Fig.1.2: T
Page 22 and 23: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Qulqula go
Page 24 and 25: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.5. Aims
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Page 28 and 29: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION See Fig.1.
Page 30 and 31: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Fig.1.5: G
Page 32 and 33: CHAPTER TWO STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIME
Page 56 and 57: CHAPTER THREE MICROFACIES ANALYSIS
Page 80 and 81: CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY 4.2. Anal
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Page 84 and 85: CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY 4.4. Majo
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY formation
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Al 2 O 3
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Fe 2 O 3
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY The distr
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY reduction
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY 4.5. Trac
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Table (4-
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Histogram
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY The overa
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY The distr
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY the frequ
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Table (4-
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY method us
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY * * * * *
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY According
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Factor (6
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Fig. (4.2
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Scale 1/1
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CONCLUSIONS This research has concl
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References Abdul-Hameed F. F. 1980.
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Barnes, R. L. and Jackson, J. A., 1
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Dunoyer De Segozac, G., 1970. The t
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South African Journal of Geology; J
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Nicholls, G. D. and Loring, D. H.,
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Stanton, R. E., 1965. Rapid Methods
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Appendixes 125
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Table (A-2a): Major oxide, Trace El
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Appendix (B): XRD patterns of some
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Fig (B-6): XRD patterns of black li
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Fig (B-12): XRD patterns of black l
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Fig (B-18): XRD patterns of black l
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