a conglomerte bed as a possible lower boundary - Professor Kamal ...

CHAPTER TWO
STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY
2005). Baziany, (2006) interpreted these beds as large blocks of Avroman Limestone
which have slipped (slid) from high elevation and rested on Qulqula Conglomerate
Formation at lower elevation.
2-4-2-4. In the Penjween Area
According to Jassim and Goff, (2006), Merga Red Beds Group overlies
unconformably Qulqula Formation. They mentioned that the former consist of red silty
calcareous shale and pebbly sandstone which laterally pass into conglomerate.
2-4-2-5. In the Area at the Northwest of Halabja Town
The upper boundary of the Qulqula Formation is also inspected at Halabja area,
which shows a tectonic looks like contact with Balambo Formation. In this area,
especially at northeastern limb of Shinarwe anticline (or mountain) exactly at 8 km
northeast of Halabja Town the contact is exposed. At this area the Qulqula Formation
changes from bedded chert to limestone passing through marl and marly limestone
as intermediate lithology.
2-5- Cyclicity Indicators in Qulqula Formation
2-5-1- Signals of Cyclicity
The signals of cyclicity are very impressive and clear in all parts and in the whole
exposed areas of the formation. This cyclicity does not change neither laterally nor
vertically. The sign of cyclicity is well demonstrated by several cycles of lithologies.
Each lithology of the cycle’s constituent beds and laminations, the beds are of few
centimeters to one meter in thickness while those of the lamination have thickness of
one millimeter to few centimeters (Fig. 2.19). The cycles consist of the following
lithologies:
A- limestone-Marl (limestone is background and interbedded with lamiane of marl)
at the lower part and upper part of the formation (Fig. 2.19A).
B-Shale-chert (Chert is background), at the middle part
C-Marl-Chert (Chert is background) at the middle part.
D-Marl- siliceous shale (at the middle part) Fig. (2.19B).
E-jasper-Shale (at the middle part).
F-Jasper -marl (at the middle part).
Each cycle alternating as very thick succession, forming long duration and
constant repetition of cyclicity in the basin of the formation.
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