a conglomerte bed as a possible lower boundary - Professor Kamal ...

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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Qulqula gorge. Parson, (1957) described briefly radiolarite in the same area of distribution of Qulqula Formation in the area between Chuarta and Penjween towns. He mentioned that this rock consist of chert and shale with subordinate limestone. He added that the limestone is dark grey on fresh surfaces but weather to light grey and contain many thin bands of black chert. Waddington, (1955) supposed that the formation is older than Jurassic. Karim, 1975) inferred the age of Albian to Cenomanian from foraminifera study. (Jassim et al., (1984) used the term “Qulqula Radiolarian Series” and they divided this Series into two Formations: 1- Qulqula Formation. (Aptian–Albian). 2- Qulqula Conglomerate Formation (Cenomanian). They also cited that the sequence that is overlying the Qulqula Formation is the Qulqula Conglomerates Formation, which is composed of thick limestone conglomerates and cherty grit, interbedded with grey marly shales, chert and detrital limestone. The thickness of this sequence is 1200m. Buday and Suk, (1980), in Jassim et al., (1984), divided the Series, on the basis of the character of its limestone and the biostratigraphy, into four units, these are: 1-Tithonian–Berriasian unit. 2-Valanginian–Lower Aptian unit. 3-Upper Albian–Cenomanian unit. 4-Cenomanian unit. Jassim et al, op. cit), mentioned that the Cenomanian unit is the equivalent to the Qulqula Conglomerate Formation. They added that it is composed of conglomerate interbedded with chert and limestone and the fragments in the conglomerate were studied in some details by Buday and Suk, (1980). They also mentioned that at least up to 75% of fragments in some locations belongs to the Avroman limestone, the rest belong to the older limestone and chert of the sequence of the Qulqula itself .They cited that the unit is characterized by the following fossils: Ovalviolina sp., Hemicyclina sigali, Hedbergella washitensis, Hedbergella sp., Thalmanninella ticineusis, Dicyclina sp., and pelagic crinoids. Nunna et al., (1981), studied the area around the Kaolos proposed dam project where Qulqula Formation is exposed. They mentioned that Qulqula Series can be classified into Lower Qulqula Formation (Aptian-Albian) and an upper Conglomerate Formation (Cenomanian). They added that tectonism is affected the formation during the Middle Cretaceous which is folding them intensely and leading to the development of an orogeny. Buday and Jassim, (1987) used “Qulqula Formation” instead of “Qulqula Formation” which is also, for simplicity, followed in this paper. 7
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION These two authors reported thrusting of Qulqula on Balambo Formation for about 15kms recently, depending on allochthony, Numan, (1997) put Balambo and Qulqula Formations in two far separated trench–like basins, at both sides of spreading midoceanic ridges. Sissakian, (1997) has shown the formation on the geological map of the Arbeel and Mahabad Quadrangles area (scale: 1:250000). On this map the formation covered about 5km 2 and exposed at front of the outcrop of Qulqula Formation (Fig.1.5). Karim, (2003), cited that Qulqula Formation (Qulqula Formation) was deposited in a subduction trench forming an accretionary prism during the colliding of the Iranian and Arabian plates. Karim, (2004) has mentioned occurrence of partially metamorphosed outcrop of Qulqula Formation in the Shelair Phyllite (Qandil metamorphic Group). Sissakian, (2005) mentioned that the Qulqula Group comprised of Qulqula Formation and Qulqula Conglomerate Formation. This latter formation is overlying the Qulqula Formation in a gradation condition. Al-Barzinjy, (2005), mentioned that the lithology of the Red Bed Series is mostly derived from Qulqula Group and Ophiolites. Karim, (2004) wrote about close relation of Qulqula Conglomerate Formation with conglomerate of lower sequence of Tanjero Formation. Karim, (2003) found and discussed a conglomerate bed in detail for the first time at the base of Qulqula Formation. The conglomerate crops out between Chuarta and Said Sadiq towns as a bed of about (20-40)cm thick. This conglomerate is located above the Balambo Formation. According to this author the conglomerate consists of different types of subrounded to angular chert and limestone pebbles and boulders. Sissakian, (2005) used series instead of group and indicated the environment of the upper part of the Series (Qulqula Conglomerate Formation) as Marine Eugeosynclinal (flysch type), with age of Cenomanian-Santonian. Baziany, (2006) studied in detail the Qulqula Conglomerate Formation which overlies Qulqula Formation. He found an angular unconformity between the two Formations at type section and Basine area. He mentioned that the age of Qulqula Conglomerate Formation is Paleocene-Eocene. He further added that the rocks of Upper Cretaceous are missing on the unconformity. From the study of the type section, Karim and Baziany, (2007) proposed to abandon the Qulqula Conglomerate Formation and remove it from stratigraphy of Iraq because it is equivalent to Red Bed Series. Baziany and Karim, (2007) have studied the Qulqula Conglomerate Formation in the Halabja–Avroman area and showed that this formation is not exist in this area. 8
Page 1 and 2: SEDIMENTLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF TH
Page 3: Supervisor Certification We certify
Page 6 and 7: Dedicated To: The Soul of my Father
Page 8 and 9: ABSTRACT The lower member of Qulqul
Page 10 and 11: LIST OF CONTENTS Chapter One: INTRO
Page 12 and 13: LIST OF FIGURES Fig. No. Title Page
Page 14 and 15: Fig. (4.1) Disribution of clay mine
Page 16 and 17: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION CHAPTER ON
Page 18 and 19: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Limestone
Page 20 and 21: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Fig.1.2: T
Page 24 and 25: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.5. Aims
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Page 28 and 29: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION See Fig.1.
Page 30 and 31: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Fig.1.5: G
Page 32 and 33: CHAPTER TWO STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIME
Page 56 and 57: CHAPTER THREE MICROFACIES ANALYSIS
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CHAPTER THREE MICROFACIES ANALYSIS
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY 4.2. Anal
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY 4.3. X-Ra
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY 4.4. Majo
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY considera
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Table (4-
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY formation
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Al 2 O 3
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Fe 2 O 3
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY The distr
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY reduction
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY 4.5. Trac
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Histogram
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY The overa
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY The distr
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY the frequ
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY method us
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY * * * * *
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY According
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Factor (6
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Fig. (4.2
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Scale 1/1
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CONCLUSIONS This research has concl
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References Abdul-Hameed F. F. 1980.
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Barnes, R. L. and Jackson, J. A., 1
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Dunoyer De Segozac, G., 1970. The t
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South African Journal of Geology; J
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Nicholls, G. D. and Loring, D. H.,
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Stanton, R. E., 1965. Rapid Methods
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Appendixes 125
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Table (A-2a): Major oxide, Trace El
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Appendix (B): XRD patterns of some
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Fig (B-6): XRD patterns of black li
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Fig (B-12): XRD patterns of black l
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Fig (B-18): XRD patterns of black l
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