a conglomerte bed as a possible lower boundary - Professor Kamal ...

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CHAPTER TWO STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY movement of watery solutions are the most important dynamic factors for transferring silica from direct or roundabout neighbouring areas. This occurs mostly during burial in which the pressure increases and the silica rich migrate by diffusion in basic solution and metasomatsm, which consist of movement of silica ions in stationary solutions and ion replacement in materials, (Blatt, et al., 1980). During the burial, the pressure and temperature increase and both factors are increasing. The sites of high silica concentration are supplying silica for diffusion and metasomatism. The main source for diagenetic growth of the nodules in the limestone successions is attributed to two sources. The first source is the silica super saturated deep water that existed during deposition of the bedded chert that overlies the limestone successions. This source is responsible for early diagenitic silicification of limestone beds. The second source is from the bedded chert by which silica-rich watery solution had moved downward and passes through the porous limestone successions (grainstone) and converts part of the chert nodules. This source is responsible for the late diagenetic nodules development. Fig.2.20: Cutting of the laminae of a Cross Lamination by Chert Nodules in the limestone succession of Qulqula Formation at 2 km east of Zallan Village on the road between Chuarta Town and Nalparez Village. 35
CHAPTER TWO STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY Fig.2.21: Cutting of the Laminas of a Cross Lamination by Chert Nodules in the limestone succession of Qulqula Formation. Fig.2.22: Occurrence of Chert Nodules in sandy limestone (lime sandstone) in the limestone succession of Qulqula Formation at the west of Dostadara Village. 2-6-2- Origin of Bedded Cherts As mentioned before, the most important characteristics of Qulqula Formation is its bedded cherts, which occur as (5-30) m thick successions of thin bedded (3-10) cm cherts. The numbers of these beds reach thousands and each bed is laterally traceable for more than several kilometers. According to (Reading, 1986), the origin of the bedded cherts can be attributed to the deep environment, where the depth is below calcite compensation depth. In this depth the calcite does not deposited on the sea floor. Bedded radiolarian cherts range in age from at least Cambrian to Eocene. Siliceous deposits formed in modern seas are not the same and diatoms have become the dominant siliceous contributing organism since the Oligocene. Reading, 36
Page 1 and 2: SEDIMENTLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF TH
Page 3: Supervisor Certification We certify
Page 6 and 7: Dedicated To: The Soul of my Father
Page 8 and 9: ABSTRACT The lower member of Qulqul
Page 10 and 11: LIST OF CONTENTS Chapter One: INTRO
Page 12 and 13: LIST OF FIGURES Fig. No. Title Page
Page 14 and 15: Fig. (4.1) Disribution of clay mine
Page 16 and 17: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION CHAPTER ON
Page 18 and 19: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Limestone
Page 20 and 21: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Fig.1.2: T
Page 22 and 23: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Qulqula go
Page 24 and 25: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.5. Aims
Page 26 and 27: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION portion of
Page 28 and 29: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION See Fig.1.
Page 30 and 31: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Fig.1.5: G
Page 32 and 33: CHAPTER TWO STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIME
Page 56 and 57: CHAPTER THREE MICROFACIES ANALYSIS
Page 80 and 81: CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY 4.2. Anal
Page 82 and 83: CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY 4.3. X-Ra
Page 84 and 85: CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY 4.4. Majo
Page 86 and 87: CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY considera
Page 88 and 89: CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Table (4-
Page 90 and 91: CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY formation
Page 92 and 93: CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Al 2 O 3
Page 94 and 95: CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Fe 2 O 3
Page 96 and 97: CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY The distr
Page 98 and 99: CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY reduction
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY 4.5. Trac
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Table (4-
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Histogram
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY The overa
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY The distr
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY the frequ
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Table (4-
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY method us
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY * * * * *
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY According
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Factor (6
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Fig. (4.2
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Scale 1/1
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CONCLUSIONS This research has concl
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References Abdul-Hameed F. F. 1980.
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Barnes, R. L. and Jackson, J. A., 1
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Dunoyer De Segozac, G., 1970. The t
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South African Journal of Geology; J
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Nicholls, G. D. and Loring, D. H.,
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Stanton, R. E., 1965. Rapid Methods
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Appendixes 125
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Table (A-2a): Major oxide, Trace El
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Appendix (B): XRD patterns of some
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Fig (B-6): XRD patterns of black li
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Fig (B-12): XRD patterns of black l
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Fig (B-18): XRD patterns of black l
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