a conglomerte bed as a possible lower boundary - Professor Kamal ...

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CHAPTER TWO STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY lateral extension such as that of the conglomerate. The evidences for these slices belong to Shiranish Formation are that they combine with the Shiranish Formation at same location of the conglomerate (Fig.2.3 and 2.4). A sample from the Shiranish Formation (in Dokan area) is compared (under stereoscopic microscope) with slices, showed the same appearance and lithologies (clay limestone with small disseminated grains and sparce fossils of multiglobolar chambered foraminifers). The cooking and thin section yield no well preserved microfossils for accurate age determination but according to badly preserved fossils the age of slices is most probably Upper Cretaceous (K. M. Sharbazery, personal communication). In the northwestern part of the studied area (NP), the lower boundary of the Qulqula Formation is not exposed and there is no conglomerate below the formation, while in the southeastern part (SP), from Kaolos to Tawella Village there is a conglomeratic bed (3-6m thick) in some places. In this area, the conglomerate is located between Avroman Limestone and Qulqula Formation. This bed is located close to the Iranian border and near the Peak of Avroman Mountain. Therefore, it can not be studied properly and the origin of this conglomerate is not certain. The lower boundary of the Qulqula Conglomerate Formation can be seen in this area with Avroman Limestone. The contact seems sharp and tectonic, which coincides with the literature citation by Buday, (1980), Jassim and Goff, (2006) who inferred the age of Lower Cretaceous and Triassic respectively. In this area the relation between these two formations is illustrated by diagrams by Ali and Ameen, (2005), Baziany, (2006) and Karim and Baziany, (2007) (Fig. 2.5). It is worth to mention that according to Bolton, (1955), Buday, (1980), Jassim and Goff, (2006), there is another thick conglomerate (about 1200 m thick) at the top of the Qulqula Formation, which is called, by same authors, Qulqula Conglomerate Formation. This conglomerate is studied by Baziany, (2006), Karim and Baziany, (2007). 2-2-2-Limestone Successions at the Lower Member of the Qulqula Formation For the first time the exposed limestone successions of Qulqula Formation are studied for the first time in detail in term of sedimentology and stratigraphy. This is executed in order to simplify the later study of geochemistry of the Formation in different selected sections. This aim to deduce whether the limestone successions are overturned or have normal stratigraphic position that obeys the law of 19
CHAPTER TWO STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY superposition. As the formation is exposed in the Thrust Zone, so the overturning and even tectonic dislocation of different strata and rocks of different ages could be expected. Fig.2.3: Qulqula Formation (L. Cretaceous) is overlying both Shiranish Formation and Tanjero Formation (U. Cretaceous) due to thrusting (reverse faulting), at 1km west of Harmella Village (8km west of Chwarta Town). Fig.2.4: The enlarged area in the black parallelogram in the previous photo shows Qulqula Formation overlying Shiranish Formation due to thrusting (reverse faulting), at 1km west of Harmella Village (8km west of Chuwarta Town). In the studied areas, the lower part of the formation consists of more than four limestone successions, which are located above either the Conglomerate Bed or Balambo and/ or Kometan formations. These successions (Lower Member of Bolton, 20
Page 1 and 2: SEDIMENTLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF TH
Page 3: Supervisor Certification We certify
Page 6 and 7: Dedicated To: The Soul of my Father
Page 8 and 9: ABSTRACT The lower member of Qulqul
Page 10 and 11: LIST OF CONTENTS Chapter One: INTRO
Page 12 and 13: LIST OF FIGURES Fig. No. Title Page
Page 14 and 15: Fig. (4.1) Disribution of clay mine
Page 16 and 17: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION CHAPTER ON
Page 18 and 19: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Limestone
Page 20 and 21: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Fig.1.2: T
Page 22 and 23: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Qulqula go
Page 24 and 25: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.5. Aims
Page 26 and 27: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION portion of
Page 28 and 29: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION See Fig.1.
Page 30 and 31: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Fig.1.5: G
Page 32 and 33: CHAPTER TWO STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIME
Page 56 and 57: CHAPTER THREE MICROFACIES ANALYSIS
Page 80 and 81: CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY 4.2. Anal
Page 82 and 83: CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY 4.3. X-Ra
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY 4.4. Majo
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY considera
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Table (4-
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY formation
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Al 2 O 3
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Fe 2 O 3
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY The distr
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY reduction
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY 4.5. Trac
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Histogram
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY The overa
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY The distr
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY the frequ
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY method us
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY * * * * *
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY According
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Factor (6
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Fig. (4.2
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Scale 1/1
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CONCLUSIONS This research has concl
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References Abdul-Hameed F. F. 1980.
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Barnes, R. L. and Jackson, J. A., 1
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Dunoyer De Segozac, G., 1970. The t
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South African Journal of Geology; J
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Nicholls, G. D. and Loring, D. H.,
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Stanton, R. E., 1965. Rapid Methods
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Appendixes 125
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Table (A-2a): Major oxide, Trace El
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Appendix (B): XRD patterns of some
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Fig (B-6): XRD patterns of black li
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Fig (B-12): XRD patterns of black l
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Fig (B-18): XRD patterns of black l
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