a conglomerte bed as a possible lower boundary - Professor Kamal ...

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ABSTRACT The lower member of Qulqula Formation is exposed in the Thrust Zone, North East of Iraq (Kurdistan Region) near the Iraqi-Iranian border. The lower part consists of alternation of more than four detrital limestone successions each more than 25m thick, which alternate with thick intervals of bedded chert and calcareous shale. These limestone successions are studied sedimentologically and geochemically in five outcrop sections. These sections are Dostadara, Kaolos, Type section, Tawella, and Gali. The limestones successions are mainly of distinctly bedded and show coarse grain lithology of shallow marine origin. All successions are mainly composed of low diversity allochems and facies such as, grainstone and packstone of one or the mixture of the allochems such as peloids, ooids, intraclasts and bioclasts which are suffered from different degrees of micritization, and there is a little of wackstone and mudstone. The middle parts of the studied area (Dostadara and Gali sections) have more thickness and contain coarser grains than the other sections. The Tawella section consists mostly of pelloid while the Type section (near Qulqula village) is only one that contains algal boundstone. The cement material consists mostly of blocky cement and minor amount of matrix (lime mud). The lower part of Qulqula Formation overlies the Balambo and Kometan Formations and a conglomerate bed 0.2–2 m thick separates the two formations. In the present study, the lower boundary is considered as tectonic and the existed conglomeratic bed is studied and inferred that it belongs to Tanjero Formation. It is discovered that, with the conglomerate, slices of the Shiranish Formation occurs below the lower part of the Qulqula Formation. This conglomerate is about 35 Km nearly continuously in the field, from Said Sadiq town to Chuwarta town. At 6Km to the east of Chuwarta town, the conglomeratic bed combines with the conglomerate beds of the lower part of Tanjero Formation (Maastrichtian). The lithology of the conglomeratic bed is similar to the conglomerate of the Tanjero Formation; both of them consist, lithologically, of variegated chert and limestone clasts. Therefore, the two conglomerates have the same age and origin. The only difference is that the conglomerate of Tanjero Formation is characterized by better roundness and sorting than the concerned conglomerate in present study. The difference is attributed to more closeness to the sources area. The occurrence of Shiranish Formation and conglomeratic bed of Tanjero Formation below Qulqula Formation is attributed to thrusting of the Formation on them. The Upper boundary of the formation shows tectonic contact with different stratigraphical units of younger ages. These younger units are such as Red Bed Series, Tanjero Formation and Quaternary sediments (Bamo Conglomerate) thrusted or slided over the Qulqula Formation. The depositional environment was high energy normal marine shallow platform of ramp setting. The facies analyses indicated that the middle part of the studied area Koalos, Dostadara and Gali sections were deposited in the mid-ramp while the Type section and Tawella sections are deposited in inner and outer ramp respectively. Generally the environment becomes shallower from extreme South East toward extreme North West, but vertically becomes shallower in the middle part. The tectonic setting consisted of extensional basin which is developed during the late phase of the Neo-Tethysis opening. VIII
The result of the chemical analyses also aids that the four successions have the same origin which all of them detached from one succession and separated into more than four successions by reverse or thrust faulting. This is because the geochemical analyses did not give strong anomaly that enable researcher to give them different origins. The XRD analyses of the bulk and insoluble residues samples showed that the main mineral compositions of the limestone successions (according to abundance) are calcite with little Mg-Calcite, Quartz and Kolinite. The presence of apatite mineral in Type Locality and Dostadara (1st Ridge) is confirmed by MPA. The cluster analysis of all limestone beds of all studied sections, which includes 60 samples with 18 geochemical variables, explains 3 main groups: Limestone content, clay with I.R. content and trace elements. Factor Analysis from all localities included in this study revealed seven factors affecting the total number of samples which is 60 samples; the main factor is carbonate factor which includes the presence of kaolinite mineral. Another main factor indicating the presence of phosphate grains or apatite in the studied rocks and also there are indications of recrystallization, Mg-Calcite and diagenesis. IX
Page 1 and 2: SEDIMENTLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF TH
Page 3: Supervisor Certification We certify
Page 6 and 7: Dedicated To: The Soul of my Father
Page 10 and 11: LIST OF CONTENTS Chapter One: INTRO
Page 12 and 13: LIST OF FIGURES Fig. No. Title Page
Page 14 and 15: Fig. (4.1) Disribution of clay mine
Page 16 and 17: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION CHAPTER ON
Page 18 and 19: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Limestone
Page 20 and 21: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Fig.1.2: T
Page 22 and 23: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Qulqula go
Page 24 and 25: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.5. Aims
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Page 28 and 29: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION See Fig.1.
Page 30 and 31: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Fig.1.5: G
Page 32 and 33: CHAPTER TWO STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIME
Page 56 and 57: CHAPTER THREE MICROFACIES ANALYSIS
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CHAPTER THREE MICROFACIES ANALYSIS
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY 4.2. Anal
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY 4.3. X-Ra
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY 4.4. Majo
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY considera
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Table (4-
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY formation
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Al 2 O 3
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Fe 2 O 3
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY The distr
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY reduction
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY 4.5. Trac
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Histogram
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY The overa
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY The distr
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY the frequ
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY method us
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY * * * * *
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY According
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Factor (6
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Fig. (4.2
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Scale 1/1
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CONCLUSIONS This research has concl
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References Abdul-Hameed F. F. 1980.
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Barnes, R. L. and Jackson, J. A., 1
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Dunoyer De Segozac, G., 1970. The t
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South African Journal of Geology; J
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Nicholls, G. D. and Loring, D. H.,
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Stanton, R. E., 1965. Rapid Methods
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Appendixes 125
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Table (A-2a): Major oxide, Trace El
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Appendix (B): XRD patterns of some
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Fig (B-6): XRD patterns of black li
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Fig (B-12): XRD patterns of black l
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Fig (B-18): XRD patterns of black l
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