a conglomerte bed as a possible lower boundary - Professor Kamal ...

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CHAPTER TWO STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY Fig. 2.12: Graded Bedding and Cross Lamination in the conglomerate at the base of Qulqula Formation at the area between Kaolos and Chuarta area 2km to the southwest of Dostadara Village. 2.3.4- Channel Gutter (Small Channels) This structure consist of small depressions with depth of few centimeters and width more than 5 cm. They are scoured on the top of the limestone beds and filled with coarse sand sized to conglomeratic clastic limestone that show normal graded bedding and lamination (Fig.2.13). The granules rest at the lowest portion of the gutter. They are found in the limestone successions to the north of Said Sadiq, exactly at 2 Km south of Razilla Village at N latitude 35 o 33 - 23.23 = and E longitude 45 o 36 - 55.05 = . These structures also indicate normal stratigraphic position (not overturned) for the limestone successions. The channel gutters are most possibly formed on the erosional surface as the environment was of fairly high energy. This surface is observed in three thin sections in three different beds, as represented by samples 2Dos-1a and 3Dos-4b of the Dostadara section. In thin sections, the two different lithologies are separated by sharp boundary, the peloidal or lithoclastic grainstones are at the top, while the mudstone are at the bottom of the oriented slide (Fig.2.14, A and B). The aforementioned four structures show that most limestone successions (especially P1 and P3) are not overturned. The condition of P2 and P4 is not known since useful sedimentary structures are not found to indicate their top and bottom. 27
CHAPTER TWO STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY Fig.2.13: Gutter Cast Graded Bedding and Cross Lamination in the studied limestone succession at the lower part of Qulqula Formation at the area between Kaolos and Chuarta area 2km to the southwest of Dostadara Village (The width of photo is 8 cm). Fig.2.14: Thin section photos of the sharp contact between bottom and top (wackstone and peloidal grainstone respectively) of two limestone layer of the Dostadara sample, 2Dos-1a-P2 (A) and 3Dos- 4b-P3 (B). 2-4- Upper Boundaries of the Qulqula Formation The most problematic concern of the Qulqula Formation is the nature of its boundaries. This is because there is doubt about the depositional position of the formation yet. This doubt includes whether the formation is deposited inside Iran and thrusted to Iraq or it is deposited in the present position inside Iraq. In this concern, Heron and Less, (1943) mentioned that Qulqula Formation is allochthonous rock unit and transported from the east to the present location. But Bolton, (1958) and Smirnov and Nelidov, (1962) considered the formation as autochthonous rock unit and have not undergone any change in position except faulting. Buday and Jassim, (1987) reported thrusting of Qulqula Formation on the Balambo Formation for about 15 km. They also mentioned that Penjween metamorphic Group (Aptian-Albian) is laterally equivalent to Qulqula Group. Recently, Numan, (1997) established a plate tectonic scenario for Iraq and discussed 28
Page 1 and 2: SEDIMENTLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF TH
Page 3: Supervisor Certification We certify
Page 6 and 7: Dedicated To: The Soul of my Father
Page 8 and 9: ABSTRACT The lower member of Qulqul
Page 10 and 11: LIST OF CONTENTS Chapter One: INTRO
Page 12 and 13: LIST OF FIGURES Fig. No. Title Page
Page 14 and 15: Fig. (4.1) Disribution of clay mine
Page 16 and 17: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION CHAPTER ON
Page 18 and 19: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Limestone
Page 20 and 21: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Fig.1.2: T
Page 22 and 23: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Qulqula go
Page 24 and 25: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.5. Aims
Page 26 and 27: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION portion of
Page 28 and 29: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION See Fig.1.
Page 30 and 31: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Fig.1.5: G
Page 32 and 33: CHAPTER TWO STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIME
Page 56 and 57: CHAPTER THREE MICROFACIES ANALYSIS
Page 80 and 81: CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY 4.2. Anal
Page 82 and 83: CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY 4.3. X-Ra
Page 84 and 85: CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY 4.4. Majo
Page 86 and 87: CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY considera
Page 88 and 89: CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Table (4-
Page 90 and 91: CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY formation
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Al 2 O 3
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Fe 2 O 3
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY The distr
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY reduction
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY 4.5. Trac
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Table (4-
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Histogram
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY The overa
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY The distr
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY the frequ
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Table (4-
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY method us
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY * * * * *
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY According
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Factor (6
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Fig. (4.2
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CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Scale 1/1
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CONCLUSIONS This research has concl
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References Abdul-Hameed F. F. 1980.
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Barnes, R. L. and Jackson, J. A., 1
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Dunoyer De Segozac, G., 1970. The t
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South African Journal of Geology; J
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Nicholls, G. D. and Loring, D. H.,
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Stanton, R. E., 1965. Rapid Methods
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Appendixes 125
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Table (A-2a): Major oxide, Trace El
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Appendix (B): XRD patterns of some
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Fig (B-6): XRD patterns of black li
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Fig (B-12): XRD patterns of black l
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Fig (B-18): XRD patterns of black l
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