a conglomerte bed as a possible lower boundary - Professor Kamal ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

CHAPTER TWO STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY It composed of Limestone successions as a lower part of Qulqula Formation which intercalated with chert layers and shales and overlain a conglomeratic bed and Slices of Shiranish Formation below Qulqula Formation. The constituent and stratigraphic position of these lithologies is important for inferring both tectonic and paleogeographic setting of the lower part of the formation. 2-2-1. Conglomeratic Bed at the Base of the Lower Member as Lower Boundary of the Formation A Conglomeratic bed, exists at the base of Qulqula Formation, has thickness of 0.2–2 m which make up the lower boundary of the formation in the middle part of the studied area (MP). It occurs only in the middle part of the studied area (Fig.1.4A and B). It consists of in-sorted and sub-rounded gravels (with some boulders) of cherts and limestones (Figs.2.1 and 2.2) and extends between Chuwarta in North West and Said Sadiq towns in southeast (Karim, 2003). It seems that the most problematic aspect of the Qulqula Formation is the nature of its boundaries. This is because; there is a clear sedimentary conglomerate in the area of the northeastern side of the Kurra Kazaw Mountain. This conglomerate exists at the base of the formation and extends continuously for about 35 Km in the area between Chuarta and Said Sadiq (Figs 1.4A and B). On the basis of its deposition on the Balambo or Kometan Formations, Karim, (2003) aged its deposition Late Cretaceous. Depending on the stratigraphic position of the conglomerate, he assumed that the overlying Qulqula Formation is autochthonous. In the present study the ideas of the Karim, (2003) are re-studied in detail in the field and the following points were proved The first is that, it is true that the conglomerate is deposited during Late Cretaceous. This is proved by tracing (following) the conglomerate towards the northwest till it combined with a conglomerate that exists in the lower part of the Tanjero Formation, southeast of Harmella Village 8 Km southeast of Chuwarta Town) (Fig.2.3 and 2.4). The lithologies of both conglomerates are the same (variegated chert and oolitic–peloidal limestone). Therefore, the author believe that the conglomerate is belongs to Tanjero Formation. The conglomerates within this formation is studied in detail by Karim, (2004); Karim and Surdashy, (2006) and Karim and Surdashy, (2005), they called it Kato Conglomerate and concluded that this conglomerate consists of chert and limestone gravels and boulders with more than 500m thick. 17
CHAPTER TWO STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY Fig.2.1: Texture (A) and lithology (B) of the conglomerate bed between Balambo and Qulqula Formation, near Kaolos and Dostadara Villages from Karim, (2003). White patches are limestone clasts, grey and black are chert clasts. Fig.2.2: The conglomerate bed at the base of Qulqula Formation exposed 1 Km north of Kaolos Village, 6 Km north of Said Sadiq Town.The width of the landscape in the photo is 4.5 m. The second is that, the age of Qulqula Formation is still controversial. According to Tahrani, (2006) in Iran, the age ranges from Jurassic to Late Cretaceous. Karim, (2003) suggested Turonian age, while in the present study no evidence of specific age was found, but Early Cretaceous age is preferred. The third is that, the Qulqula Formation is allochthonous and evidences could be seen showing transportation to some extent. According to Aswad, (1999), it is parautochtonous (partially transported) unit and it represents the marine sediments deposited parallel to the Arabian shelf carbonate and slightly dislocated by a reverse fault. The last two points are assumed as slight amendment for the previous idea of Karim, (2003). The fourth is that, at the base of the Qulqula Formation not only conglomerate of Tanjero Formation occurs; there are also slices of Shiranish Formation too. These slices have thickness of 5-30m, located above the conglomerate and have the same 18
Page 1 and 2: SEDIMENTLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF TH
Page 3: Supervisor Certification We certify
Page 6 and 7: Dedicated To: The Soul of my Father
Page 8 and 9: ABSTRACT The lower member of Qulqul
Page 10 and 11: LIST OF CONTENTS Chapter One: INTRO
Page 12 and 13: LIST OF FIGURES Fig. No. Title Page
Page 14 and 15: Fig. (4.1) Disribution of clay mine
Page 16 and 17: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION CHAPTER ON
Page 18 and 19: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Limestone
Page 20 and 21: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Fig.1.2: T
Page 22 and 23: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Qulqula go
Page 24 and 25: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.5. Aims
Page 26 and 27: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION portion of
Page 28 and 29: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION See Fig.1.
Page 30 and 31: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Fig.1.5: G
Page 34 and 35: CHAPTER TWO STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIME
Page 56 and 57: CHAPTER THREE MICROFACIES ANALYSIS
Page 80 and 81: CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY 4.2. Anal
Page 82 and 83:
CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY 4.3. X-Ra
Page 84 and 85:
CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY 4.4. Majo
Page 86 and 87:
CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY considera
Page 88 and 89:
CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Table (4-
Page 90 and 91:
CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY formation
Page 92 and 93:
CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Al 2 O 3
Page 94 and 95:
CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Fe 2 O 3
Page 96 and 97:
CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY The distr
Page 98 and 99:
CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY reduction
Page 100 and 101:
CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY 4.5. Trac
Page 102 and 103:
Page 104 and 105:
CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Histogram
Page 106 and 107:
CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY The overa
Page 108 and 109:
CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY The distr
Page 110 and 111:
CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY the frequ
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY method us
Page 116 and 117:
CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY * * * * *
Page 118 and 119:
CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY According
Page 120 and 121:
CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Factor (6
Page 122 and 123:
CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Fig. (4.2
Page 124 and 125:
CHAPTER FOUR GEOCHEMISTRY Scale 1/1
Page 126 and 127:
CONCLUSIONS This research has concl
Page 128 and 129:
References Abdul-Hameed F. F. 1980.
Page 130 and 131:
Barnes, R. L. and Jackson, J. A., 1
Page 132 and 133:
Dunoyer De Segozac, G., 1970. The t
Page 134 and 135:
South African Journal of Geology; J
Page 136 and 137:
Nicholls, G. D. and Loring, D. H.,
Page 138 and 139:
Stanton, R. E., 1965. Rapid Methods
Page 140 and 141:
Appendixes 125
Page 142 and 143:
Table (A-2a): Major oxide, Trace El
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
Appendix (B): XRD patterns of some
Page 152 and 153:
Fig (B-6): XRD patterns of black li
Page 154 and 155:
Fig (B-12): XRD patterns of black l
Page 156 and 157:
Fig (B-18): XRD patterns of black l
Page 158 and 159:
@@ón‚íq @ôáŽîŠóèI@ ×a
Page 160 and 161:
@ðÝÑÜa@ö§a@À@kÔbÉn¾a@ñ§
show all

a conglomerte bed as a possible lower boundary - Professor Kamal ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?