DSM Pocket Guidebook Volume 5: Renewable and Related ... - NREL

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• ORGANIZATION AND USE OF THE GUIDEBOOK This guidebook is the fifth in a series of five pocket-sized volumes. The first four volumes address demand-side management (DSM) measures. The first volume considers end-use technologies for the residential sector. The second volume includes technologies for the commercial sector and covers motors and variable-speed drives applicable to the commercial, industrial, and agricultural sectors. The third volume discusses energy-efficient technologies for the agricuhurol sector, with on emphasis on the central and western United States. The fourth volume covers technologies for industrial applications. This volume is divided into three major sections. The first section describes renewable resources available to utilities for generating electricity. The second section covers energy storage, fuel cells, and inverter technology. The stomge options ore included because they con be used in conjunction with renewable uh1ity power generation technologies in some circumstances. Fuel cells ore on emerging fossil-based electric generation technology. They ore not a renewable technology, but they might be powered by hydrogen in the future. Inverter technology is included because it is used with photovoltoic systems. The third section describes renewable resources that con be used as DSM measures. The potential for solar energy in the buildings sector is enormous. Where buildings hove adequate access to the solar resource, many renewable technologies are cost-effective today. Utilities can apply renewable resources to meet customer energy needs, such as water heating, passive solar design, doighting, and the use of photovohoics in remote locations. The introduction to Section 3 of this guidebook contains a matrix that refers the reader to renewable briefs in other volumes of this pocket guide series . • METHODOLOGY/DATA For each renewable technology, the guidebook presents a short numbered "technology brief' that describes the technology, its potential applications, resource assessment, market outlook, industry status, viii
construction leod lime, environmental issues, ond lund oreo requirements. Eoch brief olso includes o summorytoble containing information on capitol costs, O&M costs, levelized energy costs, overage size per instollotion, copocity factor, ond life. Historicol ond future cost projections or trends ore presented for the technologies, where known. Costs ore expressed in 1990 dollars, unless noted. In oil coses, the costs were token from existing sources, including documentation of utility procurements, cose studies, or notional or stote studies. In some roses, manufacturers were contorted directly to obtain cost doto. The sources used varied, depending on the ovoilobility of doto ond the complexity of the technology. As might be expected, costs drown from different sources ore frequently inconsistent. The authors ottempted to reconcile such inconsistencies. The guidebook is not intended to substiMe for o detailed analysis, but it points the reader toward those technologies most likely to benefit both the end user ond the utility. For more details, the reader should consult the references ot the end of eoch brief . • DATA VARIABILITY AND UNCERTAINTY A problem with guidebooks such os this is thot the doto present only o simple overview of eoch technology. Yet mony volumes hove been written describing the oppkcotion of these technologies. Consequently, the cost estimates presented here should be used with o cleor understanding of the variability ond uncertainty of the source. Cost is dependent on mony factors, including: • Size of system • Economies of scole • Locution • Quotlfy of the resource • Access to transmission lines • Technology maturity. ix
Page 1 and 2: DSM Pocket Guideboolc Volume 5: Ren
Page 3 and 4: DSM Pocket Guidebook Volume 5: Rene
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS Brief# Page No. Foreword .
Page 7 and 8: FOREWORD In previous years of low-c
Page 9: PREFACE TO THE POCKET GUIDEBOOK .IN
Page 13 and 14: SECT I O N 1 RENEWABLE RESOURCES FO
Page 15 and 16: Renewable and fossil technologies t
Page 17 and 18: • FOR MORE INFORMATION PUBLICATIO
Page 19 and 20: ·solor Thermal O.OBQ- 40 10Q-200MW
Page 21 and 22: .. Th 4 z 00 [ 0 u o "5l
Page 23 and 24: and be brought on-line quick during
Page 25 and 26: potential is loroted of 4540 ses ra
Page 27 and 28: Table R-2. Types of Turbines versus
Page 29 and 30: ... Trash rack (keeps fish and debr
Page 31 and 32: R E N E W ABLE B R I E F 2 BIOMASS
Page 33 and 34: • MARKET OUTLOOK FOR BIOMASS Curr
Page 35 and 36: finding o suitable site. The time r
Page 37: Table R-4. Biomass: Costs Levelized
Page 41 and 42: RENEWABL E B RIE F 3 MUNICIPAL SOLI
Page 43 and 44: • RESOURCE ASSESSMENT The MSW res
Page 45 and 46: ORGANIZATIONS Northern Stutes Power
Page 48 and 49: R .o Figure R-9. R111ge of 1991
Page 50 and 51: cycle produces 20% to 30% more powe
Page 52 and 53: develop 3 to 30 MW plants in the No
Page 54 and 55: Muffler, U.P., Assessment of Geothe
Page 56 and 57: c:oLv
Page 58 and 59: RENEWABLE BRIEF 5 SOLAR THERMAL CEN
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Central receivers do not produce em
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co ::s Figure R-12. Schematic of
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::3 ... .,. 12 g 17.9 19.2 ()16.2 .
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.RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Sites with ove
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Table R-8. Solar Thermal Parabolic
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R E N E W ABLE B R I E F 7 SOLAR TH
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• FOR MORE INFORMATION ORGANIZATI
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RENEWABLE BRIEF 8 SALT GRADIENT SOL
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• CURRENT COSTS AND TRENDS Curren
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.. .. Gradient zone Salt - - - 20%
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RENEWABLE BRIEF 9 WIND POWER .INTRO
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VERTICAL-AXIS WIND TURBINES Turbine
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• Remote locations where diesel g
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Wind Energy Resource Ados of the Un
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.. Table R-12. Technology Status Be
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Airfoil Blade Hub Smart Sophisticat
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140 +--Jet airplane 1 oo +Industria
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assembling different quantities of
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• Rest urea funs and lighls • R
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of land 100 miles on a side in Neva
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Table R-13. Photovoltaks: Costs Lev
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.. Table R·14. Comparison of Prina
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PV Technology Efficiency Table R-15
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"'
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SECTION 2 STORAGE AND RELATED TECHN
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RENEWABLE BRIEF 1 1 ELECTRIC ENERGY
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of CAES storage. To generate power,
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BATTERIES The utility battery syste
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• LAND AREA REQUIREMENTS 8ATIERIE
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"' Figure R-24. Locations of geo
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Table R-18. Storage Power: Costs Le
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Surface reservoir 0 Porous sands
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Fuel cells offer some significant o
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severe environmental constminls, of
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., Table R·19. Comparison of Fuel
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Table R-20. Fuel Cells: Costs Capit
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output waveform. The output of a sq
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SECTION 3 RENEWABLE OPTIONS FOR BUI
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Tobie R-22 identifies the load mana
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R E N EWABLE B R I E F 1 4 (update
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DRAIN DOWN SYSTEMS In these systems
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Table R-24. Solar Water Heaters: Co
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800 600 DHW energy use (kWh/househo
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windows varies throughout the count
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Table R-25. Passive Solar Design: C
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E 0 () ..., "" Figure R-29. Ratio
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& () Figure 31. Annual salar savi
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R E N EWABL E B R I E F 1 6 INTEGRA
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Table R-26.1ntegrated Commercial De
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As o resu, GHPs ore gaining widespr
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Table R-27. Heat Pumps: Costs and B
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REN E WABLE B R I E F 1 8 (Update t
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Photovoltoir:s Systems Design Assis
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#. t. Printed with a renewable sour
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DSM Pocket Guidebook Volume 5: Renewable and Related ... - NREL

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