DSM Pocket Guidebook Volume 5: Renewable and Related ... - NREL

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RENEWABLE BRIEF 1 1 ELECTRIC ENERGY STORAGE OPTIONS .INTRODUCTION Energy storage technologies store energy generated by the utility system and/or energy generated on the user-side of the meter, and discharge it for use at another time. The most common application is forge-scale food leveling, in which the storage unit is charged at a low-cost time period and then discharged to supplement energy being generated to meet high food requirements at some other time. loadleveling con lower emissions or shift the location of emissions. It con allow better management of multiple suppliers, better accommodation of less dispatchoble types of energy generation-such as solar and wind--reduce dependence on fossil fuek, and provide a utitlly-odded flexibility. Compressed air energy storage (CAES) and pumped hydro storage ore examples of food leveling stomge technologies. Pumped hydro is discussed in Brief 1, "Hydroelectric Power." The second general application of storage is fast dynamic response. These systems ore chomderized as systems with mpid response for charging and discharging devices. that improve the control ofvoltoge, frequency, and power quality. Batteries, flywheels, and superconduding magnetic energy storage (SMES) ore examples of dynamic energy storage. Table R-17 compares the typical energy capacity, typical power rating, and the commercial status of six energy stomge options. The most attractive energy storage for a given situation depends on the benefit desired by the utility or the end user from storage and the associated cost. This brief focuses on electric energy storage technologies induding batteries, CAES, and SMES. 9B
• TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION BATTERY STORAGE Leod-Gcid battery technology is currently being pilot tested by several utihties in the Unned States. Advanced batteries--including sodium-sulfur and zinc-bromide-ore in the develop; mental stages. The three main applications for battery energy storage systems include spinning reserve at generating stations, load leveling at substations, and peak shoving on the customer side of the meter. Battery storage has also been suggested for holding down air emissions at the power plant by shifting the time of day of the emission or shifting the location of emissions. It also provides vohoge regulation and stability. Battery storage has excellent dynamic response capability and siting flexibilny. Dynamic response choroderistics include low start-up costs, short start-up time, fast changeover from energy storage to power generation, efficient operation at a wide range of loads, fast loadchanging copobilny, and high unit-ovoilobilny. Batteries offer siting flexibilny for several reasons. The small unn sizes of battery systems, their compatibihty wh surrounding architecture, and their favorable environmental characteristics allow them to be sited near the load. Seveml benefits accrue (sometimes in combination), such as saving or deferring tmnsmission.copnol costs, reducing transmission losses by decreasing peak currents, increasing delivered output of the plant to the customer, and improving system reliability to the consumer because a battery located close to customers con provide power while a transmission line failure is being repaired. Seveml utilities ore now using battery storage for load leveling, and a consortium of utilities has formed for the purpose of developing and applying the technology farther. CAES CAES plants use off-peak electrical energy to compress air into underground stomge reservoirs for storage until times of peak or intermediate electricity demand. Wind power offers a good opportunity for charging CAES storage. The storage is typically underground in notuml aquifers, depleted oil or gas fields, mined soh caverns, or excavated or notuml rock caverns. Agure R-25 illustrates three types 99
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DSM Pocket Guideboolc Volume 5: Ren
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DSM Pocket Guidebook Volume 5: Rene
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CONTENTS Brief# Page No. Foreword .
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FOREWORD In previous years of low-c
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PREFACE TO THE POCKET GUIDEBOOK .IN
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construction leod lime, environment
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SECT I O N 1 RENEWABLE RESOURCES FO
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Renewable and fossil technologies t
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• FOR MORE INFORMATION PUBLICATIO
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·solor Thermal O.OBQ- 40 10Q-200MW
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.. Th 4 z 00 [ 0 u o "5l
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and be brought on-line quick during
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potential is loroted of 4540 ses ra
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Table R-2. Types of Turbines versus
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... Trash rack (keeps fish and debr
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R E N E W ABLE B R I E F 2 BIOMASS
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• MARKET OUTLOOK FOR BIOMASS Curr
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finding o suitable site. The time r
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Table R-4. Biomass: Costs Levelized
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RENEWABL E B RIE F 3 MUNICIPAL SOLI
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• RESOURCE ASSESSMENT The MSW res
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ORGANIZATIONS Northern Stutes Power
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R .o Figure R-9. R111ge of 1991
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cycle produces 20% to 30% more powe
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develop 3 to 30 MW plants in the No
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Muffler, U.P., Assessment of Geothe
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c:oLv
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RENEWABLE BRIEF 5 SOLAR THERMAL CEN
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Page 62 and 63: co ::s Figure R-12. Schematic of
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Page 66 and 67: .RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Sites with ove
Page 68 and 69: Table R-8. Solar Thermal Parabolic
Page 70 and 71: R E N E W ABLE B R I E F 7 SOLAR TH
Page 72 and 73: • FOR MORE INFORMATION ORGANIZATI
Page 74 and 75: RENEWABLE BRIEF 8 SALT GRADIENT SOL
Page 76 and 77: • CURRENT COSTS AND TRENDS Curren
Page 78 and 79: .. .. Gradient zone Salt - - - 20%
Page 80 and 81: RENEWABLE BRIEF 9 WIND POWER .INTRO
Page 82 and 83: VERTICAL-AXIS WIND TURBINES Turbine
Page 84 and 85: • Remote locations where diesel g
Page 86 and 87: Wind Energy Resource Ados of the Un
Page 88 and 89: .. Table R-12. Technology Status Be
Page 90 and 91: Airfoil Blade Hub Smart Sophisticat
Page 92 and 93: 140 +--Jet airplane 1 oo +Industria
Page 94 and 95: assembling different quantities of
Page 96 and 97: • Rest urea funs and lighls • R
Page 98 and 99: of land 100 miles on a side in Neva
Page 100 and 101: Table R-13. Photovoltaks: Costs Lev
Page 102 and 103: .. Table R·14. Comparison of Prina
Page 104 and 105: PV Technology Efficiency Table R-15
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Page 108 and 109: SECTION 2 STORAGE AND RELATED TECHN
Page 112 and 113: of CAES storage. To generate power,
Page 114 and 115: BATTERIES The utility battery syste
Page 116 and 117: • LAND AREA REQUIREMENTS 8ATIERIE
Page 118 and 119: "' Figure R-24. Locations of geo
Page 120 and 121: Table R-18. Storage Power: Costs Le
Page 122 and 123: Surface reservoir 0 Porous sands
Page 124 and 125: Fuel cells offer some significant o
Page 126 and 127: severe environmental constminls, of
Page 128 and 129: ., Table R·19. Comparison of Fuel
Page 130 and 131: Table R-20. Fuel Cells: Costs Capit
Page 132 and 133: output waveform. The output of a sq
Page 134 and 135: SECTION 3 RENEWABLE OPTIONS FOR BUI
Page 136 and 137: Tobie R-22 identifies the load mana
Page 138 and 139: R E N EWABLE B R I E F 1 4 (update
Page 140 and 141: DRAIN DOWN SYSTEMS In these systems
Page 142 and 143: Table R-24. Solar Water Heaters: Co
Page 144 and 145: 800 600 DHW energy use (kWh/househo
Page 146 and 147: windows varies throughout the count
Page 148 and 149: Table R-25. Passive Solar Design: C
Page 150 and 151: E 0 () ..., "" Figure R-29. Ratio
Page 152 and 153: & () Figure 31. Annual salar savi
Page 154 and 155: R E N EWABL E B R I E F 1 6 INTEGRA
Page 156 and 157: Table R-26.1ntegrated Commercial De
Page 158 and 159: As o resu, GHPs ore gaining widespr
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Table R-27. Heat Pumps: Costs and B
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REN E WABLE B R I E F 1 8 (Update t
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Photovoltoir:s Systems Design Assis
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#. t. Printed with a renewable sour
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