DSM Pocket Guidebook Volume 5: Renewable and Related ... - NREL

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develop 3 to 30 MW plants in the Northwest thot hove expansion potential. Institutional factors, such os the ability to win competitive bidding solicotions to supp power to utilities, will import the growth of the industry. These factors ore more influential thon technical hurdles. The ability to develop new hydrothermal resource oreos will olso import future growth. Beyond the turn of the century, the odvonced resources (geopressured, hot dry rock, ond mogmo) moy come into ploy. Re search ond development to overcome the barriers to use these resources is ongoing . • INDUSTRY STATUS The geothermal industry grew out of the oil industrortly because of their similarities in resource explootion ond drilling. Declining oil ond gos projects hove prompted mony of these companies to slosh geothennol drilling projects or sell off some or oil of their geothermal projects. Utility affiliates become more active os more geothermal projects were developed by nonutil companies. The industry currently consists of about 1 0 companies, ohhough 1 0 to 20 more companies ore pursuing projects . • CONSTRUCTION LEAD TIME Geothennol plants con be modular ond con be installed in increments os needed. The leod time ot existing geothermal fields, including drilling, is less thon 1-1/2 years. Sir, pennitting, ond financing will toke 1 to 2 years (concurrent with early production drilling ond testing), with o construction schedule of 2 to 2-1/2 years. Permng moy be difficult if the resource is located in wilderness or recreation oreos . • ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Modern geothermal plants operating on hydrothermal resources hove extreme low levels of sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide, nrous oxide, ond particulate emissions compared to conventional energy sources. Hydrogen sulfide IH2Sl concentrations hove been found ot vapordominated resources. They oppeor to be less of o problem ot liquiddominated ses. At strong concentrations, which could be letha H 40
paralyzes the oKocto ry nerves <strong>and</strong> becomes odorless. H con be co ntrolled with abatement systems. So me geothermal power plants use Iorge quantities of cooling water. Fo r example, a 50-MW woter-
Page 1 and 2: DSM Pocket Guideboolc Volume 5: Ren
Page 3 and 4: DSM Pocket Guidebook Volume 5: Rene
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS Brief# Page No. Foreword .
Page 7 and 8: FOREWORD In previous years of low-c
Page 9 and 10: PREFACE TO THE POCKET GUIDEBOOK .IN
Page 11 and 12: construction leod lime, environment
Page 13 and 14: SECT I O N 1 RENEWABLE RESOURCES FO
Page 15 and 16: Renewable and fossil technologies t
Page 17 and 18: • FOR MORE INFORMATION PUBLICATIO
Page 19 and 20: ·solor Thermal O.OBQ- 40 10Q-200MW
Page 21 and 22: .. Th 4 z 00 [ 0 u o "5l
Page 23 and 24: and be brought on-line quick during
Page 25 and 26: potential is loroted of 4540 ses ra
Page 27 and 28: Table R-2. Types of Turbines versus
Page 29 and 30: ... Trash rack (keeps fish and debr
Page 31 and 32: R E N E W ABLE B R I E F 2 BIOMASS
Page 33 and 34: • MARKET OUTLOOK FOR BIOMASS Curr
Page 35 and 36: finding o suitable site. The time r
Page 37: Table R-4. Biomass: Costs Levelized
Page 41 and 42: RENEWABL E B RIE F 3 MUNICIPAL SOLI
Page 43 and 44: • RESOURCE ASSESSMENT The MSW res
Page 45 and 46: ORGANIZATIONS Northern Stutes Power
Page 48 and 49: R .o Figure R-9. R111ge of 1991
Page 50 and 51: cycle produces 20% to 30% more powe
Page 54 and 55: Muffler, U.P., Assessment of Geothe
Page 56 and 57: c:oLv
Page 58 and 59: RENEWABLE BRIEF 5 SOLAR THERMAL CEN
Page 60 and 61: Central receivers do not produce em
Page 62 and 63: co ::s Figure R-12. Schematic of
Page 64 and 65: ::3 ... .,. 12 g 17.9 19.2 ()16.2 .
Page 66 and 67: .RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Sites with ove
Page 68 and 69: Table R-8. Solar Thermal Parabolic
Page 70 and 71: R E N E W ABLE B R I E F 7 SOLAR TH
Page 72 and 73: • FOR MORE INFORMATION ORGANIZATI
Page 74 and 75: RENEWABLE BRIEF 8 SALT GRADIENT SOL
Page 76 and 77: • CURRENT COSTS AND TRENDS Curren
Page 78 and 79: .. .. Gradient zone Salt - - - 20%
Page 80 and 81: RENEWABLE BRIEF 9 WIND POWER .INTRO
Page 82 and 83: VERTICAL-AXIS WIND TURBINES Turbine
Page 84 and 85: • Remote locations where diesel g
Page 86 and 87: Wind Energy Resource Ados of the Un
Page 88 and 89: .. Table R-12. Technology Status Be
Page 90 and 91: Airfoil Blade Hub Smart Sophisticat
Page 92 and 93: 140 +--Jet airplane 1 oo +Industria
Page 94 and 95: assembling different quantities of
Page 96 and 97: • Rest urea funs and lighls • R
Page 98 and 99: of land 100 miles on a side in Neva
Page 100 and 101: Table R-13. Photovoltaks: Costs Lev
Page 102 and 103:
.. Table R·14. Comparison of Prina
Page 104 and 105:
PV Technology Efficiency Table R-15
Page 106 and 107:
"'
Page 108 and 109:
SECTION 2 STORAGE AND RELATED TECHN
Page 110 and 111:
RENEWABLE BRIEF 1 1 ELECTRIC ENERGY
Page 112 and 113:
of CAES storage. To generate power,
Page 114 and 115:
BATTERIES The utility battery syste
Page 116 and 117:
• LAND AREA REQUIREMENTS 8ATIERIE
Page 118 and 119:
"' Figure R-24. Locations of geo
Page 120 and 121:
Table R-18. Storage Power: Costs Le
Page 122 and 123:
Surface reservoir 0 Porous sands
Page 124 and 125:
Fuel cells offer some significant o
Page 126 and 127:
severe environmental constminls, of
Page 128 and 129:
., Table R·19. Comparison of Fuel
Page 130 and 131:
Table R-20. Fuel Cells: Costs Capit
Page 132 and 133:
output waveform. The output of a sq
Page 134 and 135:
SECTION 3 RENEWABLE OPTIONS FOR BUI
Page 136 and 137:
Tobie R-22 identifies the load mana
Page 138 and 139:
R E N EWABLE B R I E F 1 4 (update
Page 140 and 141:
DRAIN DOWN SYSTEMS In these systems
Page 142 and 143:
Table R-24. Solar Water Heaters: Co
Page 144 and 145:
800 600 DHW energy use (kWh/househo
Page 146 and 147:
windows varies throughout the count
Page 148 and 149:
Table R-25. Passive Solar Design: C
Page 150 and 151:
E 0 () ..., "" Figure R-29. Ratio
Page 152 and 153:
& () Figure 31. Annual salar savi
Page 154 and 155:
R E N EWABL E B R I E F 1 6 INTEGRA
Page 156 and 157:
Table R-26.1ntegrated Commercial De
Page 158 and 159:
As o resu, GHPs ore gaining widespr
Page 160 and 161:
Table R-27. Heat Pumps: Costs and B
Page 162 and 163:
REN E WABLE B R I E F 1 8 (Update t
Page 164 and 165:
Photovoltoir:s Systems Design Assis
Page 166:
#. t. Printed with a renewable sour
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