DSM Pocket Guidebook Volume 5: Renewable and Related ... - NREL

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RENEWABLE BRIEF 5 SOLAR THERMAL CENTRAL RECEIVERS • TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION The tec:hnology uses fields of two-axis tracking mirrors known as heliostats. Each heliostat is individual positioned by a computer control system to reflect the sun's rays to a tower-mounted thermal rec:eiver. The effect of many heliostats reflecting to a common point creates the combined energy of thousands of suns, referred to os o high energy flux, which produces high-temperature thermal energy. In the receiver, o working fluid absorbs the heat energy and is sentto o turbine generator or storage tonk. The heat is then converted to electricity using o standard heat engine. The central receiver technology is currently in the developmental mode. Many different working fluids and thermal conversion cycles are possible with the central rec:eiver tec:hnology. The technology described in this section uses maken nitrate soils os the rec:eiver working fluid and o conventional steam Rankine cyde turbine os the energy conversion system. The advantage of this approach is that it allows the incorporation of inexpensive and efficient thermal energy storage in the design of the plant. This system is shown schematicolly in Figure R-12. The thermo I energy storage system allows the operation of the heat engine to be decoupled from the collection of thermal energy. This allows the plant to dispatch electricity to the grid during times that it has the highest value, and it allows continuous operation of the turbine during cloudy periods. A consortium of ulihlies and the U.S. Department of Energy ore retrofitting the 1 0-MW Solar One central rec:eiver that was builtin 1982 in Barstow, CA, as a demonstration that may lead to the commercia ization of 1 00- to 200-MW central receivers by the year 2000. The retrofit, called Solar Two, involves upgrading the 1 0-MW Solar One central receiver from a steam receiver to a moken salt rec:eiver and making other modificolions. Moken nitrate salt heated to 1050°F (366°() and stored in an insulated tank will provide the flexibility to 46
store solar energy for later use. The moken sok will allow the facility to produ(e elertrkity for up to 4 hours after the sun sets. Rgure R-1 3 illustrates the load-dispatching (Opobillies of a (entrol re(eiver plant with moken sok storage . • RESOURCE ASSESSMENT (on(entrating systems hove their best annual output in regions where direct insololion is highest. In regions with lower levels of dired insolation, these systems (On be used for energy supp at somewhat higher (osfs. fgure R-14 shows solar insolation throughout the United · States. Annual (OOVersion efficiencies of dired normal sunlight into electricity will depend on insolation (Onditions, but for good sites, is expected to be obout l4% . • MARKET OUTLOOK FOR SOLAR THERMAL CENTRAL RECEIVERS Demonstration of the technology at the I 0-MW size by o (Onsortium of utilities is scheduled to O((Ur around 1994; demonstration of the technology is scheduled to O(rur in (Ommercial systems built between 1995 and 2000 . • INDUSTRY STATUS The industry is (Omposed of several large engineering firms and (Onsulting (ompanies that perform reseor(h and development under (Ontract to the U.S. Deportment of Energy . • CONSTRUCTION LEAD TIME Construction lime for a I 00-to 200-MW (entral re(eiver is estimated to be 3 years, with site selection and design requiring an additional ! to 2 years . • ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES There are minimal environmental issues. Habitat destruction at the plant site is the largest (On(em. 47
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DSM Pocket Guideboolc Volume 5: Ren
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DSM Pocket Guidebook Volume 5: Rene
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CONTENTS Brief# Page No. Foreword .
Page 7 and 8: FOREWORD In previous years of low-c
Page 9 and 10: PREFACE TO THE POCKET GUIDEBOOK .IN
Page 11 and 12: construction leod lime, environment
Page 13 and 14: SECT I O N 1 RENEWABLE RESOURCES FO
Page 15 and 16: Renewable and fossil technologies t
Page 17 and 18: • FOR MORE INFORMATION PUBLICATIO
Page 19 and 20: ·solor Thermal O.OBQ- 40 10Q-200MW
Page 21 and 22: .. Th 4 z 00 [ 0 u o "5l
Page 23 and 24: and be brought on-line quick during
Page 25 and 26: potential is loroted of 4540 ses ra
Page 27 and 28: Table R-2. Types of Turbines versus
Page 29 and 30: ... Trash rack (keeps fish and debr
Page 31 and 32: R E N E W ABLE B R I E F 2 BIOMASS
Page 33 and 34: • MARKET OUTLOOK FOR BIOMASS Curr
Page 35 and 36: finding o suitable site. The time r
Page 37: Table R-4. Biomass: Costs Levelized
Page 41 and 42: RENEWABL E B RIE F 3 MUNICIPAL SOLI
Page 43 and 44: • RESOURCE ASSESSMENT The MSW res
Page 45 and 46: ORGANIZATIONS Northern Stutes Power
Page 48 and 49: R .o Figure R-9. R111ge of 1991
Page 50 and 51: cycle produces 20% to 30% more powe
Page 52 and 53: develop 3 to 30 MW plants in the No
Page 54 and 55: Muffler, U.P., Assessment of Geothe
Page 56 and 57: c:oLv
Page 60 and 61: Central receivers do not produce em
Page 62 and 63: co ::s Figure R-12. Schematic of
Page 64 and 65: ::3 ... .,. 12 g 17.9 19.2 ()16.2 .
Page 66 and 67: .RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Sites with ove
Page 68 and 69: Table R-8. Solar Thermal Parabolic
Page 70 and 71: R E N E W ABLE B R I E F 7 SOLAR TH
Page 72 and 73: • FOR MORE INFORMATION ORGANIZATI
Page 74 and 75: RENEWABLE BRIEF 8 SALT GRADIENT SOL
Page 76 and 77: • CURRENT COSTS AND TRENDS Curren
Page 78 and 79: .. .. Gradient zone Salt - - - 20%
Page 80 and 81: RENEWABLE BRIEF 9 WIND POWER .INTRO
Page 82 and 83: VERTICAL-AXIS WIND TURBINES Turbine
Page 84 and 85: • Remote locations where diesel g
Page 86 and 87: Wind Energy Resource Ados of the Un
Page 88 and 89: .. Table R-12. Technology Status Be
Page 90 and 91: Airfoil Blade Hub Smart Sophisticat
Page 92 and 93: 140 +--Jet airplane 1 oo +Industria
Page 94 and 95: assembling different quantities of
Page 96 and 97: • Rest urea funs and lighls • R
Page 98 and 99: of land 100 miles on a side in Neva
Page 100 and 101: Table R-13. Photovoltaks: Costs Lev
Page 102 and 103: .. Table R·14. Comparison of Prina
Page 104 and 105: PV Technology Efficiency Table R-15
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SECTION 2 STORAGE AND RELATED TECHN
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RENEWABLE BRIEF 1 1 ELECTRIC ENERGY
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of CAES storage. To generate power,
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BATTERIES The utility battery syste
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• LAND AREA REQUIREMENTS 8ATIERIE
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"' Figure R-24. Locations of geo
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Table R-18. Storage Power: Costs Le
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Surface reservoir 0 Porous sands
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Fuel cells offer some significant o
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severe environmental constminls, of
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., Table R·19. Comparison of Fuel
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Table R-20. Fuel Cells: Costs Capit
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output waveform. The output of a sq
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SECTION 3 RENEWABLE OPTIONS FOR BUI
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Tobie R-22 identifies the load mana
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R E N EWABLE B R I E F 1 4 (update
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DRAIN DOWN SYSTEMS In these systems
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Table R-24. Solar Water Heaters: Co
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800 600 DHW energy use (kWh/househo
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windows varies throughout the count
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Table R-25. Passive Solar Design: C
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E 0 () ..., "" Figure R-29. Ratio
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& () Figure 31. Annual salar savi
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R E N EWABL E B R I E F 1 6 INTEGRA
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Table R-26.1ntegrated Commercial De
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As o resu, GHPs ore gaining widespr
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Table R-27. Heat Pumps: Costs and B
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REN E WABLE B R I E F 1 8 (Update t
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Photovoltoir:s Systems Design Assis
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#. t. Printed with a renewable sour
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