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Annual Site Environmental Report for 1999 systems at Paducah. The pump-and-treat system installed northwest of the plant also controls the highest concentrations of dissolved 99'fc that would otherwise migrate offsite. Continued groundwater monitoring serves to identify the extent of contamination, predict the possible fate of the contaminants, and determine the movement of groundwater near the plant. To date, three groundwater plumes have been identified emanating from the Paducah Site (Figure 9.1). Appendix D provides additional <strong>information</strong> about these plumes. Groundwater monitoring at Paducah complies with one or more federal or state regulations and permit conditions and includes perimeter exitpathway monitoring and offsite water well monitoring. A more detailed description of groundwater monitoring is found in this Section under the heading, of Groundwater Monitoring Program. Figures 9.2 and 9.3 show the locations of all wells sampled during 1999. Analytical results from the sampling described in this section are available upon request from the BJC Public Affairs Group. Groundwater Hydrology A portion of rainwater accumulates as groundwater by soaking into the ground, infiltrating porous soil and rock; The accumulation of groundwater in pore spaces of sediments creates a source of useable water - an aquifer (Figure 9.4). Water from the surface moving down through the soil makes its way by percolating ,downward through the pore spaces between soil grains (Figure 9.5)~ The, smaller the pore spaces, the slower'the flow, of water through the' sediment. The physical .propenythat describes the ease with which water can mov.e through the pore spaces and fractures in a materiall is called' hydraulic conductivity; or permeability. Permeability is ~etermined not only by the volume and size of the' pore spaces but also by how weU the pore Ispaces are connected. Aquifers are found in permeable sediments (such as sand and gravel) and rocks (such as sandstone and 'fractured limestone). Less permeable sediments (such as clay) and rocks (such as shale and dense limestone) make up aquitards that restrict groundwater movement. The boundary between the unsaturated and the saturated zones is known as the water table. This boundary usually, but not always, gently mirrors the surface topography, rising above natural exits such as springs, swamps, and beds of streams and rivers, where groundwater is discharged to the surface. Groundwater movement is detennined by differences in hydraulic head (a function of the energy associated with the water's elevation above sea level and the pressures exerted on it by surrounding water). Water will rise in a well casing in response to the pressure of the water surrounding the well's screened zone. The depth to water in the well is measured and the elevation calculated to determine the hydraulic head of the water in the monitored zone (Figure 9.6). The hydraulic gradient measures :the difference in hydraulic head over a specified distance. By comparing the water levels' in adjacent wells screened in the same zone, a horizontal hydraulic gradient can be detennined and the lateral direction of groundwater flow can be predicted. Only wells screened in the same zones are considered when determining the horizontal gradient. Wells screened above and below an . aquitard can also have different hydraulic heads, thus defining a vertical gradient. If the water levels in deeper wells are lower than those in shallower wells, the vertical component of flow is downward. Permeability of the su1;>surface strata containing the aquifer also plays an essential role inthe direction of groundwater flow through an aquifer system. Because the earth's sediments and their permeability vary greatly, groundwater flowing through sob surface strata does not travel at a ,constant rate or without impediment. As i groundwater moves in the downgradient direction, it has both a horizontal and a vertical component, just as a household drain moves tap water both horizontally and vertically, seeking the lowest point of exit. Aquitards deflect groundwater movement as drainpipe walls control the direction of tap water movement. In an aquifer constrained by aquitards such as Groundwater 9-3
Paducah Site , ':.-.;' } {' ;' i., .....\ ,/: '. ; (1 \ l\:~r,,,,,,,,,,,J to.· • Monitoring Well Location MW • Residential Well Location 2000 0 2000 4000 Feet R Figure 9.2 Wells sampled In the vicinity of the Paducah Site. 9·4 Groundwater
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Units of Radiation Measure Current
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Paducah; Site Contents Figures ....
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Paducah Site Figures Figure Page 1.
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Paducah Site Table Page 9.5 Summary
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Paducah· Site DNAPL DNFSB DOE DOJ
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Paducah Site mgd mg/d mg/L Min ml m
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Paducah Site TSCA TUa TUc Toxic Sub
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Paducah Site xiv
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Paducah Site environment, and the P
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Paducah Site I' Figure 1.2 The Padu
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Paducah Site Upland mixed hardwoods
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Paducah Site 1-8 Site Operation and
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Paducah Site Table 2.1 Environmenta
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Paducah Site longer than one year.
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Paducah Site Comprehensive Environm
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Paducah Site Places, although there
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Paducah Site i- 2-10 DOE activities
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Paducah Site that in the toxicity t
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Paducah Site Paducah Site did not r
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Paducah Site maintain records of sy
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Paducah Site 2-18 Environmental Com
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Paducah Site operations and waste m
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Paducah Site Northwest Plume Ground
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Paducah Site L-____ S_it_e_p_r~i~o-
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Paducah Site . , ,. .'i WAG 28 17he
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Paducah Site The WAG 8 SE consisted
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Page 58 and 59: Paducah Site • recycling . The PP
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Page 62 and 63: Paducah Site recommendations to DOE
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Page 68 and 69: Paducah Site the DCG. The average c
Page 70 and 71: Paducah Site 4-8 Radiological Efflu
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Page 74 and 75: Paducah Site Sediment Sediment is a
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Page 78 and 79: Paducah Site Additional data is pro
Page 80 and 81: Paducah Site Figure 5.5 Uranium hex
Page 82 and 83: Paducah Site ; ,- materials release
Page 84 and 85: Paducah Site measured in Bayou and
Page 86 and 87: Paducah Site The 50-year CEDE (inte
Page 88 and 89: Paducah Site 6-8 Dose
Page 90 and 91: Paducah Site i· I Airborne Effluen
Page 92 and 93: Paducah Site 7-4 Nonradiologlcal Ef
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Annual Site Environmental Report fo
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Surface Water Radiological Data Ann
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Deer Radiological Data Annual Site
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Direct Gamma Radiation (TLD) Data A
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KPDES Outfal/s Non-Radiological Dat
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KPDES Outfal/s Non-Radiological Dat
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Surface Water Non-Radiological Data
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Deer Non-Radiological Data Annual S
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DOE Special Investigations Data Ann
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Conversions Multiply by to obtain M
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