Flute acoustics: measurement, modelling and design - School of ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

34 CHAPTER 3. MEASURING ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE Table 3.1: Several of the more common impedance heads, with conditions for singularities, selected references and notes. In the expressions for singularities, k is the wavenumber and n = 1,2,3,.... The reference plane is indicated by a vertical dashed line. Impedance Head Singularities Refs. Notes (a) volume flow source kd = (2n − 1) π 2 Singh & Schary (1978), Benade & Ibisi (1987), Bruneau (1987), Wolfe et al. d • computationally simple • requires calibration of the source (2001a) • prone to errors at high |Z | (b) pulse reflectometer f -range limited by pulse width Fredberg et al. (1980), Watson & Bowsher (1988) • uses same microphone for incident and reflected wave; calibration unnecessary • accuracy limited by length of measurement duct (c) two microphones kd = (n − 1)π Seybert & Ross (1977), Chung & Blaser (1980a,b,c), Bodén & Åbom (1986), Åbom & Bodén (1988), Gibiat & Laloë d (1990), van Walstijn et al. (2005) • fewer simplifying assumptions required • computationally intensive (d) volume flow source with upstream microphone d kd = (2n − 1) π 2 Backus (1974, 1976), Caussé et al. (1984) • signal from upstream microphone proportional to flow (for an attenuator with high impedance compared to the unknown load) Continued on next page
3.3. THEORY OF ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS 35 Impedance Head Singularities Refs. Notes (e) two anemometers kd = (n − 1)π van der Eerden et al. (1998) • computationally similar to (c) • several particle velocity sensors can be made d simply with similar characteristics (f) microphone and anemometer d kd = (2n − 1) π 2 Pratt et al. (1977), Elliott et al. (1982), Kob & Neuschaefer-Rube (2002) • direct measurement of both pressure and flow • correction required to obtain volume flow from particle velocity (g) multiple microphones vary with microphone spacings Jang & Ih (1998) • wide frequency range • increased precision Legend: sound source; attenuator; microphone; flow sensor
Page 1 and 2: Flute acoustics: measurement, model
Page 3: To Renée iii
Page 6 and 7: vi I am grateful to my parents, Ros
Page 8 and 9: viii
Page 10 and 11: x 4.4 Conclusions and further direc
Page 12 and 13: 2 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION and the p
Page 14 and 15: 4 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION Figure 1.
Page 16 and 17: 6 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1.5 ACOUS
Page 18 and 19: 8 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ‘in-tun
Page 20 and 21: 10 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
Page 22 and 23: 12 CHAPTER 2. THEORY AND LITERATURE
Page 26 and 27: k = ω c and pressure given by p(x,
Page 42 and 43: 32 CHAPTER 3. MEASURING ACOUSTIC IM
Page 64 and 65: 54 CHAPTER 4. FINGER HOLE IMPEDANCE
Page 80 and 81: 70 CHAPTER 5. IMPEDANCE SPECTRA OF
Page 94 and 95:
84 CHAPTER 5. IMPEDANCE SPECTRA OF
Page 96 and 97:
Page 98 and 99:
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
Page 104 and 105:
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
98 CHAPTER 6. MATERIAL AND SURFACE
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
104 CHAPTER 7. THE EMBOUCHURE HOLE
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
112 CHAPTER 8. SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTAT
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
128 CHAPTER 9. APPLICATIONS AND FUR
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
142 APPENDIX A. IMPEDANCE SPECTRA C
Page 154 and 155:
144 APPENDIX A. IMPEDANCE SPECTRA F
Page 156 and 157:
146 APPENDIX A. IMPEDANCE SPECTRA A
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
150 APPENDIX A. IMPEDANCE SPECTRA D
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
Page 176 and 177:
166 APPENDIX A. IMPEDANCE SPECTRA E
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
Page 186 and 187:
Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
194 APPENDIX A. IMPEDANCE SPECTRA
Page 206 and 207:
196 APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS /*
Page 208 and 209:
198 APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS f:
Page 210 and 211:
200 APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS Ca
Page 212 and 213:
202 APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS 1.
Page 214 and 215:
204 APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS Z_
Page 216 and 217:
Page 218 and 219:
208 APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS co
Page 220 and 221:
210 APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS */
Page 222 and 223:
212 APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS nu
Page 224 and 225:
214 APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS pr
Page 226 and 227:
216 APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS +
Page 228 and 229:
218 APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS el
Page 230 and 231:
220 APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS }
Page 232 and 233:
Page 234 and 235:
224 APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS
Page 236 and 237:
226 APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS 7
Page 238 and 239:
Page 240 and 241:
230 APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS 11
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
234 APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS
Page 246 and 247:
236 APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS Re
Page 248 and 249:
238 APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS Re
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Page 254 and 255:
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
Page 266 and 267:
256 APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS Mi
Page 268 and 269:
Page 270 and 271:
Page 272 and 273:
262 APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS ma
Page 274 and 275:
264 APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS if
Page 276 and 277:
266 APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS x
Page 278 and 279:
268 APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS Li
Page 280 and 281:
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
Page 286 and 287:
Page 288 and 289:
Page 290 and 291:
Page 292 and 293:
Page 294 and 295:
284 APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS in
Page 296 and 297:
286 APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS do
Page 298 and 299:
Page 300 and 301:
Page 302 and 303:
292 APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS re
Page 304 and 305:
294 APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS fp
Page 306 and 307:
Page 308 and 309:
Page 310 and 311:
300 APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS #e
Page 312 and 313:
302 APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS p2
Page 314 and 315:
304 APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS po
Page 316 and 317:
Page 318 and 319:
Page 320 and 321:
310 APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS re
Page 322 and 323:
Page 324 and 325:
314 APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS Un
Page 326 and 327:
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
320 APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS em
Page 332 and 333:
Page 334 and 335:
324 APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS s
Page 336 and 337:
326 APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS le
Page 338 and 339:
328 APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS in
Page 340 and 341:
Page 342 and 343:
Page 344 and 345:
Page 346 and 347:
Page 348 and 349:
338 APPENDIX C. QUANTIFYING MUSIC s
Page 350 and 351:
340 REFERENCES Botros, A., Smith, J
Page 352 and 353:
342 REFERENCES Kob, M. & Neuschaefe
show all

Flute acoustics: measurement, modelling and design - School of ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?